Ketamin

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Ketamin
(S)-Ketamine ball-and-stick model
Clinical data
Trade names Ketalar, others
Synonyms CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2[7]
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
data
Pregnancy
category
Addiction
liability
Low–moderate[1]
                                                      
Routes of
administration
Any[3][4][5][6]
Drug class NMDA receptor antagonists; General anesthetics; Dissociative hallucinogens; Analgesics; Antidepressants
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability
  • Intravenous: 100%[5]
  • Intramuscular: 93%[5]
  • Epidural: 77%[10]
  • Intranasal: 45–50%[5][11]
  • Sublingual: 24–30%[5][12]
  • Rectal: 25–30%[11]
  • By mouth: 16–20%[5][11]
  • Protein binding 23 to 47%.[13]
    Metabolism

    Liver, intestine (oral):[5][8][9]

    Metabolites
  • Norketamine
  • Dehydronorketamine
  • Hydroxynorketamine
  • Onset of action
  • Intravenous: seconds[14]
  • Intramuscular: 1–5 min[14][15]
  • Subcutaneous: 15–30 min[15]
  • Insufflation: 5–10 min[14]
  • By mouth: 15–30 min[14][15]
  • Elimination half-life
  • Ketamine: 2.5–3 hours[14][5]
  • Norketamine: 12 hours[15]
  • Duration of action
  • Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours[15]
  • Insufflation: 45–60 min[14]
  • By mouth: 1–6+ hours[14][15]
  • Excretion
  • Urine: 91%[16]
  • Feces: 3%[16]
  • Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    ECHA InfoCard 100.027.095 Edit this at Wikidata
    Chemical and physical data
    Formula C13H16ClNO
    Molar mass 237.73 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    Chirality

    Racemic mixture:[14]

    Melting point [convert: invalid number]
      (verify)

    Ketamin ("Ke-tá-mín" Eng-gí: ketamine), mā sio̍k-chheng "K", "khe-á", si chi̍t khoán bâ-io̍h. Tī io̍h-lí-ha̍k-siōng, ketamin sī NMDA siū-thé ê kiat-khòng-che (antagonist). Chit khoán bâ-io̍h ê hù-chok-iōng ū tì-le̍k kiám-thè, áu-thò͘, éng-hióng ho͘-khip kap siau-hoà téng-téng.

    Hāu-kó[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

    Ketamin ē hō͘ si̍t-ēng-chiá sán-seng kái-lî-kám (sense of dissocliation), chiō sī chū-ngó͘ tùi sin-thé thoat-lî ê kám-kak. Lēng-gōa koh ū chō-sêng kì-ek sòng-sit (amnesia) ê éng-hióng, kiam sī-kak-sèng ê hoān-kak (hallucination).[18]

    Lī-iōng hong-sek[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

    Chia̍h ketamin ê lâng sú-iōng pún io̍h ê hong-sek ū pau-koat chia̍h-hun ê sî thàu hún tī hun-ki ia̍h tōa-bâ lāi-bīn; ēng phiⁿ-á khip hún; kap lā tī e̍k-thé lāi chù-siā téng khoán. Kòe-liōng ê sú-iōng ē sán-seng ná bâ-chùi khoán ê ti-kak kiám-thè.[18]

    Chham-khó[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

    1. Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". Chū Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd pán.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse 
    2. "Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 22 November 2019. goân-loē-iông tī 26 June 2020 hőng khó͘-pih. 18 May 2020 khòaⁿ--ê.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    3. Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA (June 2017). "Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (9): CD003351. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3. PMC 6481583Freely accessible Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 28657160. 
    4. Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S (March 2017). "Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain". Pain Physician. 20 (3): 173–184. PMID 28339431. 
    5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Mathew SJ, Zarate Jr CA (25 November 2016). Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress. Springer. pp. 8–10, 14–22. ISBN 978-3-319-42925-0. goân-loē-iông tī 8 September 2017 hőng khó͘-pih.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    6. Brayfield A, pian. (9 January 2017). "Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference". MedicinesComplete. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. goân-loē-iông tī 28 August 2021 hőng khó͘-pih. 24 August 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    7. Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. goân-loē-iông tī 11 April 2017 hőng khó͘-pih.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    8. Hijazi Y, Boulieu R (July 2002). "Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 30 (7): 853–8. doi:10.1124/dmd.30.7.853. PMID 12065445.  Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
    9. Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī pmid27763887
    10. Kintz P (22 March 2014). Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes. Elsevier Science. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-12-416969-2. goân-loē-iông tī 8 September 2017 hőng khó͘-pih.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 Marland S, Ellerton J, Andolfatto G, Strapazzon G, Thomassen O, Brandner B, Weatherall A, Paal P (June 2013). "Ketamine: use in anesthesia". CNS Neurosci Ther. 19 (6): 381–9. doi:10.1111/cns.12072. PMC 6493613Freely accessible Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 23521979. 
    12. Hashimoto K (October 2019). "Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine, its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 73 (10): 613–627. doi:10.1111/pcn.12902. PMC 6851782Freely accessible Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31215725. 
    13. Dayton PG, Stiller RL, Cook DR, Perel JM (1983). "The binding of ketamine to plasma proteins: emphasis on human plasma". Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 24 (6): 825–31. doi:10.1007/BF00607095. PMID 6884418.  Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
    14. 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Sinner B, Graf BM (2008). "Ketamine". Chū Schüttler J, Schwilden H. Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 182. pp. 313–33. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15. ISBN 978-3-540-72813-9. PMID 18175098. 
    15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī Quibell2011
    16. 16.0 16.1 Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī pmid4603048
    17. Sass W, Fusari S (1977). "Ketamine". Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances, volume 6. Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances. 6. Academic Press. pp. 297–322. doi:10.1016/S0099-5428(08)60347-0. ISBN 9780122608063. goân-loē-iông tī 8 February 2023 hőng khó͘-pih. 30 November 2020 khòaⁿ--ê.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    18. 18.0 18.1 Amaranth Illuminare & Deborah S. Romaine, pian. (2007). "ketamine". The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Health and Medicine. Volume 4. Facts On File. ISBN 0-8160-6063-0.