Kong-iú líng-i̍k

Kong-iú líng-i̍k (public domain (PD)) ì-sù sī sóo-ū put-siū jīm-hô tsuan-iú tì-huī tsâi-sán kuân pó-hōo ê tshòng-ìtsok-phín. Tsia-ê kuân-lī khó-lîng í-king kuè-kî, sòng-sit, hông hòng-khì hi̍k-tsiá bô sik-iōng.^[1]^[2]^[3] Iû-îbô-lâng ióng-iú tsuan-lī kuân, jīm-hô jîn lóng ē-sái ha̍p-huat lâi sú-iōng hi̍k-tsiá ín-iōng tsia-ê tsok-phín, bô su-iàu tit-tio̍h hí-khó.^[3]^[4]

Pí-jû, William Shakespeare, Ludwig van Beethoven, Miguel de Cervantes, Ló-tsú, Khóng-tsú, Aristotle, L. Frank Baum, Leonardo da Vinci í-ki̍p Georges Méliès ê tsok-phín lóng sio̍k-î kong-iú líng-i̍k; guân-in teh in tshòng-tsok pán-kuân huat tsìn-tsîng, hi̍k-tsiá in-ê pán-kuân kî-hān í-king siat-li̍p tsìn-tsîng.^[1] Ū-ê tsok-phín bô siū-tio̍h bóo tsi̍t-ê kok-ka pán-kuân huat ê pó-hōo, in-tshú mā sio̍k-î kong-iú líng-i̍k; pí-jû, teh Bí-kok, bô siū-tio̍h pán-kuân pó-hōo ê tsok-phín pau-kuat Niû-tùn (Newton) bu̍t-lí ha̍k kong-sik kah tsú-tsia̍h si̍t-phóo. ^[5] Kî-thann ê tsok-phín tio̍h hōo in-ê tsok-tsiá tsú-tōng hiàn-hōo kong-iú líng-i̍k (tsham-ua̍t hòng-khì sing-bîng); pí-jû, bi̍t-bé ián-sǹg huat ê tsham-khó si̍t-tsok.^[6] "Kong-iú líng-i̍k" tsit-ê gú-sû thong-siông bô sik-iōng teh tsok-phín tshòng-tsok tsiá pó-liû liōng-sīng kuân-lī ê tsōng-khóng; teh tsit-tsióng tsōng-khóng tsi-hā, tsok-phín ê sú-iōng hông kiò-tsò "kin-kì hí-khó" hi̍k "iú-king hí-khó".

Iû-î kuân-lī ē kin-kì kok-ka hām tē-khu jî-lâi piàn-ī, tsi̍t-kkiānn tsok-phín teh tsi̍t-ê kok-ka khó-lîng siū-tio̍h kuân-lī pó-hōo, suah-teh līng-guā tsi̍t-ê kok-kà khah-lai sio̍k-î kong-iú líng-i̍k. Tsi̍t-kuá-á kuân-lī kài-tsāi teh ta̍k kok ê tsù-tsheh; lia̍h-tsún bóo tsi̍t-ê tsok-phín teh ti̍k-tīng kok-ka iah-bē tsù-tsheh (kiám-tshái su-iàu tsù-tsheh), kai-jiân tsit-ê tsok-phín teh tsit-ê kok-ka tio̍h sio̍k-î kong-iú líng-i̍k. "Kong-iú líng-i̍k" tsit-ê jī-sû mā khó-lîng kah kî-thann bô tsing-khak hi̍k buē tīng-gī ê su̍t-gí hōo-huān sú-iōng, pí-jû kong-kiōng líng-i̍k hi̍k kong-kiōng tsu-guân, pau-kuat "su-sióng kong-kiōng líng-i̍k", "tì-sik kong-kiōng líng-i̍k" kah "tsu-sìn kong-kiōng líng-i̍k" tíng-tíng kài-liām.^[7]

Tsù-kái

1 2 Boyle, James (2008). The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. CSPD. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-300-13740-8. goân-loē-iông tī 14 February 2015 hőng khó͘-pih.
↑ Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008). Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-84720-921-4. goân-loē-iông tī 20 December 2014 hőng khó͘-pih. 27 October 2016 khòaⁿ--ê.
1 2 Tysver, Daniel A. "Works Unprotected by Copyright Law". BitLaw. goân-loē-iông tī 2 March 2016 hőng khó͘-pih.
↑ "What Is the Public Domain?". Copyrightlaws.com (ēng Eng-gí). 2023-03-07. 2024-10-09 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases" (PDF). copyright.gov. Oct 2015. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 5 April 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. Listings of ingredients, as in recipes, labels, or formulas. When a recipe or formula is accompanied by an explanation or directions, the text directions may be copyrightable, but the recipe or formula itself remains uncopyrightable.
↑ "SERPENT - A Candidate Block Cipher for the Advanced Encryption Standard". 1999. goân-loē-iông tī 13 January 2013 hőng khó͘-pih. Serpent is now completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its use. This was announced on the 21st August at the First AES Candidate Conference.
↑ Ronan 2006, p. 103.

Ín-iōng tsu-liāu

Huang, Hui (2009). "On public domain in copyright law". Frontiers of Law in China. 4 (2): 178–195. doi:10.1007/s11463-009-0011-6.
Ronan, Deazley (2006). Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-84542-282-0. goân-loē-iông tī 19 November 2011 hőng khó͘-pih – via Google Books.
Torremans, Paul, pian. (2007). Copyright Law: A Handbook of Contemporary Research. Research handbooks in intellectual property (ēng Eng-gí). Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84844-021-0 – via Google Books.

Tsham-ua̍t

Musical notation
Reiss Engelhorn Museum

Guā-pōo liân-kiat

Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: Public domain (copyright)

Center for the Study of the Public Domain, Duke University
Communia, internet association on the digital public domain

[Boyle2008-1] 1 2 Boyle, James (2008). The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. CSPD. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-300-13740-8. goân-loē-iông tī 14 February 2015 hőng khó͘-pih.

[2] Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008). Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-84720-921-4. goân-loē-iông tī 20 December 2014 hőng khó͘-pih. 27 October 2016 khòaⁿ--ê.

[:0-3] 1 2 Tysver, Daniel A. "Works Unprotected by Copyright Law". BitLaw. goân-loē-iông tī 2 March 2016 hőng khó͘-pih.

[4] "What Is the Public Domain?". Copyrightlaws.com (ēng Eng-gí). 2023-03-07. 2024-10-09 khòaⁿ--ê.

[5] "Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases" (PDF). copyright.gov. Oct 2015. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 5 April 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. Listings of ingredients, as in recipes, labels, or formulas. When a recipe or formula is accompanied by an explanation or directions, the text directions may be copyrightable, but the recipe or formula itself remains uncopyrightable.

[6] "SERPENT - A Candidate Block Cipher for the Advanced Encryption Standard". 1999. goân-loē-iông tī 13 January 2013 hőng khó͘-pih. Serpent is now completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its use. This was announced on the 21st August at the First AES Candidate Conference.

[FOOTNOTERonan2006[https://books.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&q=statute+of+anne+copyright_103]-7] Ronan 2006, p. 103.

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