Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē

Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē sī Pho-lân-gí ê bûn-jī. sī Pho-lân-gí chiàⁿ-jī-hoat ê ki-chhó͘. In-ê ki-pún sī Latin jī-bó-hē (Lô-má-jī), lēng-gōa koh ka chiūⁿ chi̍t kóa jī-bó sī tàu phiat-im hû-hō, chhiūⁿ tàu kreska ia̍h chiam-tiám (eng. acute accent) ê ć, ń, ó, ś, ź; tàu téng-tiám (overdot) ia̍h kropka ê ż; tàu bóe-tiám (tail) ia̍h ogonek ê ą, ę; koh ū tàu chi̍t phiat ê ł. Jī-bó q, v kap x, ka-ta ēng tī gōa-gí tan-jī, tiāⁿ bô sǹg tī Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē lāi-bīn. Chóng-sī ùi Pho-lân-gí ê phiau-chú-hòa chìn-chêng, "x" jī-bó ū-sî hông ēng tī "ks" ê tiûⁿ-ha̍p.[1]
Tī Silesia-gí kap Kashubia-gí, mā sú-ēng keng-kòe siu-kái ê Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē piàn-khoán, nā Sorbia-gí sī ēng Pho-lân-gí kap Chesko-gí chiàⁿ-jī-hoat ê saⁿ-lām.
Jī-bó
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Nā bô hâm Q, V kap X are excluded, Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē lóng-chóng ū 32 ê jī-bó: 9-ê bó-im kap 23-ê chú-im.
Ē-té ê piáu khai-liat chia ê jī-bó, in-ê Pho-lân-gí hō-miâ, it-poaⁿ tī Pho-lân-gí ê ho͘-im, tī pa̍t khoán giân-gí (chia chú-iàu ēng Eng-gí) ê tùi-tâng, kap kî-tha ê khó-lêng ho͘-im. Ūi chheng-chhó mā piau phiat-im hû-hô.
Tōa-jī | Sió-jī | Pho-lân-gí hō-miâ | It-poaⁿ ho͘-im | Gōa-gí tùi-tâng | Kî-tha ho͘-im |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | a | a | /ä/ | Eng-gí ê large | tī kháu-kòa chú-im (palatal consonant) tiong-ng sī khah thâu-chêng ê [a] |
Ą | ą | ą | /ɔ̃/ | phiⁿ-im o ná Eng-gí ê own | [ɔn], [ɔŋ], [ɔm]; tī /w/ chìn-chêng chham /ɔ/ sio-ha̍p |
B | b | be | /b/ | Óa Tâi-gí ê bô | bô-siaⁿ-hòa (devoiced) ê sî sī [p] |
C | c | ce | /t̪͡s̪/ | Eng-gí ê pits | ū-siaⁿ-hòa (voiced) ê sî sī [d̪͡z̪]. |
Ć | ć | cie | /t͡ɕ/ | Eng-gí ê cheap | ū-siaⁿ-hòa sī [d͡ʑ] |
D | d | de | /d̪/ | Eng-gí ê dog | /d͡ʐ/ chìn-chêng sī [d̺]; bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [t̪]; /t͡ʂ/ chìn-chêng sī [t̺].[1] |
E | e | e | /ɛ/ | Eng-gí ê bed | tī kháu-kòa chú-im tiong-ng sī [e] |
Ę | ę | ę | /ɛ̃/ | phiⁿ-im e | [ɛn], [ɛŋ], [ɛm]; tī /w/ chìn-chêng kap /ɛ/ sio-ha̍p |
F | f | ef | /f/ | Eng-gí ê fingers | ū-siaⁿ-hòa sī [v] |
G | g | gie | /ɡ/ | Tâi-gí ê gô | bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [k] |
H | h | ha | /x/ | So͘-kat-lân-gí ê loch | [ɣ] if voiced, may be glottal [ɦ] in a small number of dialects. For ch and (c)hi see Digraphs |
I | i | i | /i/ | Tâi-gí ê ti | tī chú-im tiong-ng sī [j]; piáu-hiān chêng chi̍t chú-im ê kháu-kòa-hòa (palatization) |
J | j | jot | /j/ | Eng-gí ê yes | |
K | k | ka | /k/ | Tâi-gí ê ko | ū-siaⁿ-hòa sī [ɡ] |
L | l | el | /l/ | Tâi-gí ê lô | Tang-po͘ hong-giân khó-lêng ho͘ [lʲ] |
Ł | ł | eł | /w/ | Eng-gí ê will | Tang-po͘ hong-giân khó-lêng ho͘ [ɫ̪] |
M | m | em | /m/ | Tâi-gí ê mī | tī chûn-khí chú-im (labiodental consonant) chìn-chêng sī [ɱ] |
N | n | en | /n̪/ | Tâi-gí ê nâ | /t͡ʂ d͡ʐ/ chìn-chêng sī [n̺]; tī /k ɡ/ chìn-chêng thang sī [ŋ]. |
Ń | ń | eń | /ɲ̟/ | Eng-gí ê canyon | Can be [j̃] in syllable coda |
O | o | o | /ɔ/ | Tâi-gí ê so͘ | tī kháu-kòa chú-im tiong-ng sī [o] |
Ó | ó | ó, o z kreską or u zamknięte | /u/ | Tâi-gí ê su | tī kháu-kòa chú-im tiong-ng sī [ʉ] |
P | p | pe | /p/ | Eng-gí ê spot | ū-siaⁿ-hòa sī [b] |
R | r | er | /r/ | chūn-im r | kóng-ōe kín ê sî tiāⁿ sī [ɾ] |
S | s | es | /s̪/ | Eng-gí ê sea | |
Ś | ś | eś | /ɕ/ | Eng-gí ê sheep | ū-siaⁿ-hòa sī [ʑ] (cf. Ź) |
T | t | te | /t̪/ | Eng-gí ê start | [t̺] before /t͡ʂ/; [d̪] if voiced; [d̺] before /d͡ʐ/.[2] |
U | u | u, u zwykłe or u otwarte | /u/ | Tâi-gí ê su | tī kháu-kòa chú-im tiong-ng sī [ʉ] |
W | w | wu | /v/ | Eng-gí ê vow | bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [f] |
Y | y | y ia̍h igrek | /ɘ̟/[3] | Eng-gí ê té i, ná bit | |
Z | z | zet | /z̪/ | Eng-gí ê zoo | bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [s̪]. |
Ź | ź | ziet | /ʑ/ | Eng-gí ê vision | bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [ɕ] |
Ż | ż | żet or zet z kropką | /ʐ/ | Eng-gí ê vision | bô-siaⁿ-hòa sī [ʂ] |
Jī-bó q (hō-miâ ku), v (hō-miâ fau), kap x (hō-miâ iks) bô sǹg Pho-lân-gí jī-bó-hē chi̍t hūn, m̄-koh ū ēng lâi piáu-sī gōa-gí tan-jī kap siong-phiau téng-bīn. Tī chioh-jī (ia̍h sī kóng gōa-lâi-gí), in tiāⁿ hông hun-pia̍t thè-ōaⁿ chò ''kw, w, kap ks, pí-lūn kwarc "quartz", weranda "veranda", ekstra "extra" téng tan-jī.
Jī-bó ê hō-miâ
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Téng-bīn kì ê jī-bó hō-miâ, sī hán tit hông siá--chhut-lâi, tû-liáu tī te̍k-pia̍t ê gí-lūi-hòa sio̍k-siá, pí-lūn ū chi̍t keng gîn-hâng hō Pekao chit-ê miâ, sī piáu-hiān tùi P.K.O. ê kán-lio̍k.
Ū-ê jī-bó khó-lêng ē ēng lēng-gōa ê hong-hoat chí-miâ, kî-tiong tiāⁿ sī ti̍t-chiap ēng in-ê ho͘-im lâi kiò, chhiūⁿ Y khó-lêng hông kiò chò y, m̄-sī ēng igrek.
Teh ké-soeh tàu-jī ê sî-chūn, te̍k-pia̍t ê jī-bó ū khó-lêng ēng te̍k-sû hong-sek piáu-ta̍t lâi chò khu-pia̍t. Pí-lūn H thang chí-miâ chò samo h ("tan-to̍k h") lâi kap CH (ce ha) khu-pia̍t. Jī-bó Ż thang kiò chò żet (ia̍h zet) z kropką ("ū tiám ê Ż") lâi kap RZ (er zet) khu-pia̍t. Jī-bó U thang kiò u otwarte ("khui-kháu ê u", piáu-hiān siá-hoat), lâi kap Ó khu-pia̍t, nā chit-ê Ó thang hō u zamknięte ("ha̍p-kháu ê u") ia̍h o kreskowane ("tòa phiat ê o").
Jī-bó-sūn
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Pho-lân-gí ê jī-bó-sūn chiàu téng-bīn ê piáu pâi-lia̍t. Q, V kap X, nā ū ēng ê sî, chiàu in tī phó͘-thong Lô-má-jī ê chē-ūi pâi-lia̍t.
Pho-lân-gí tàu phiat-im hû-hô ê jī-bó, tī pâi sūn-sī ê sî-chūn sī sǹg chò goân-choân to̍k-li̍p--ê. Pí-lūn być ài pâi tī bycie āu-piah. Phiat-im jī-bó tī jī-tián lāi-bīn oa-ná ū in choan-bûn ê chiuⁿ-chat, chhiūⁿ ć jī-thâu ê jī, sī bô khai-lia̍t tī c ê pō͘-hūn.
Siang-jī-bó tī jī-bó-sūn bô te̍k-pia̍t ê chhù-lí. Pí-lūn ch to̍h kán-tan sǹg chò c ê āu-piah ū h, bô chhiūⁿ Chesko-gí án-ne tòng chò chi̍t-ê jī-bó.
Kî-tha chu-liāu
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- Sadowska, Iwona (2012). Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Oxford; New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47541-9.
Chham-chiàu
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- ↑ "GDL Statute". Wikimedia Commons. 4 November 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.