Siaⁿ-tiāu hû-hō

Register tones
˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩; ꜒ ꜓ ꜔ ꜕ ꜖
IPA pian-hō	519–523;
Entity (decimal)	˥–˩
pian-bé
Unicode cha̍p-la̍k-chìn-ūi	U+02E5–U+02E9

Peaking and dipping tones
˩˥˧ ˧˥˩ ˧˥˧ ˩˧˩; ˥˩˧ ˧˩˥ ˥˧˥ ˧˩˧; ˨˦˨ ˦˨˦ ˨˩˧꜔꜓꜕
	Siann-tiāu khing-khak hû-hō sī iû sū-lia̍t ê ti̍t-suànn sóo tsoo-sîng-ê: ; ˥ ˧ → ˥˧, ˧ ˩ ˧ → ˧˩˧

Rising and falling tones
˩˥ ˧˥ ˨˦ ˩˧ ˩˩˧; ˥˩ ˥˧ ˦˨ ˧˩ ˥˥˧

Level tones
˥ ˧ ˩ ˥ ˩
Long level-tone letters are commonly used for non-checked syllables and short letters for checked syllables, though this is not an IPA distinction.

Siann-tiāu hû-hō (ing-gú: tone letter; tiāu-hû, gōo-tōo piau-kì huat (five level tone mark); ji̍t-gú: 声調記号 (siann-tiāu kì-hō)) tio̍h-sī gōo-tōo tsè tiāu-ti̍t piau-kì huat, sī Tiō Goân-jīm tī 1920 nî-tāi huat-bîng ê tsi̍t-tsióng kì-lio̍k gú-giân tiāu-ti̍t ê hong-huat^[2]. Tiāu-hû teh Hàn-gú hong-giân, miâu-iâu gú [en], í-ki̍p tōng-tâi gú [en] ê tiâu-tsa tang-tiong tāi-liōng sú-iōng; teh kî-thann gú-giân ê biâu-siá tang-tiong iah-ū tsiânn-tsē íng-hióng.

Unicode lāi-té ê Siann-tiāu hû-hō

Teh Unicode lāi-té, IPA siann-tiāu hû-hō ê pian-bé jû-hā:^[3]

Piau-tsún kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō

U+02E5 ˥ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH TONE BAR (HTML ˥)
U+02E6 ˦ MODIFIER LETTER HIGH TONE BAR (HTML ˦)
U+02E7 ˧ MODIFIER LETTER MID TONE BAR (HTML ˧)
U+02E8 ˨ MODIFIER LETTER LOW TONE BAR (HTML ˨)
U+02E9 ˩ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW TONE BAR (HTML ˩)

Tó-píng ê siann-tiāu hû-hō

U+A712 ꜒ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML ꜒)
U+A713 ꜓ MODIFIER LETTER HIGH LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML ꜓)
U+A714 ꜔ MODIFIER LETTER MID LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML ꜔)
U+A715 ꜕ MODIFIER LETTER LOW LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML ꜕)
U+A716 ꜖ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML ꜖)

Tsia--ê án siann-tiāu khing-khak [en] ê sūn-sū tsoo-ha̍p.

Tiám ê siann-tiāu hû-hō piáu-sī lû-hā:

Tiám ê siann-tiāu hû-hō

U+A708 ꜈ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH DOTTED TONE BAR (HTML ꜈)
U+A709 ꜉ MODIFIER LETTER HIGH DOTTED TONE BAR (HTML ꜉)
U+A70A ꜊ MODIFIER LETTER MID DOTTED TONE BAR (HTML ꜊)
U+A70B ꜋ MODIFIER LETTER LOW DOTTED TONE BAR (HTML ꜋)
U+A70C ꜌ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW DOTTED TONE BAR (HTML ꜌)

Tò-píng ê siann-tiāu hû-hō

U+A70D ꜍ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-HIGH DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML ꜍)
U+A70E ꜎ MODIFIER LETTER HIGH DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML ꜎)
U+A70F ꜏ MODIFIER LETTER MID DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML ꜏)
U+A710 ꜐ MODIFIER LETTER LOW DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML ꜐)
U+A711 ꜑ MODIFIER LETTER EXTRA-LOW DOTTED LEFT-STEM TONE BAR (HTML ꜑)

Although not defined specifically as IPA, many of the IPA staveless tone letters (or at least approximations of them, depending on the font) are available in Unicode:

Bi̍k-jīm hi̍k-tsiá kuân bô kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō

U+02C9 ˉ MODIFIER LETTER MACRON (HTML ˉ)
U+02CA ˊ MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT (HTML ˊ)
U+02CB ˋ MODIFIER LETTER GRAVE ACCENT (HTML ˋ)
U+02C6 ˆ MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (HTML ˆ⧼dot-separator⧽ &circ;)
U+02C7 ˇ CARON (HTML ˇ⧼dot-separator⧽ &caron;, &Hacek;)
U+02DC ˜ SMALL TILDE (HTML ˜⧼dot-separator⧽ &DiacriticalTilde;, &tilde;)
U+02D9 ˙ DOT ABOVE (HTML ˙⧼dot-separator⧽ &DiacriticalDot;, &dot;)^[4]

Tiong bô kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō

U+02D7 ˗ MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN (HTML ˗)
U+02F4 ˴ MODIFIER LETTER MIDDLE GRAVE ACCENT (HTML ˴)
U+223C ∼ TILDE OPERATOR (HTML ∼⧼dot-separator⧽ &sim;, &thicksim;, &thksim;, &Tilde;)
U+223D ∽ REVERSED TILDE (HTML ∽⧼dot-separator⧽ &backsim;, &bsim;)
U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT (HTML ·⧼dot-separator⧽ ·, ·, ·)

Kē bô kùn-á hîng siann-tiāu hû-hō

U+02CD ˍ MODIFIER LETTER LOW MACRON (HTML ˍ)
U+02CF ˏ MODIFIER LETTER LOW ACUTE ACCENT (HTML ˏ)
U+02CE ˎ MODIFIER LETTER LOW GRAVE ACCENT (HTML ˎ)
U+A788 ꞈ MODIFIER LETTER LOW CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (HTML ꞈ)
U+02EC ˬ MODIFIER LETTER VOICING (HTML ˬ)
U+02F7 ˷ MODIFIER LETTER LOW TILDE (HTML ˷)
U+2024 ․ ONE DOT LEADER (HTML ․)

Tsù-kái

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 A great deal more combinations than these are possible. These examples are only slightly expanded from the limited set of ligatures suggested by Chao for broad phonetic notation, where mid-high and mid-low tones combine only with each other, and level does not combine with rising or falling.
↑ Chao, Y. R. (1930). "ə sistim əv "toun-letəz"". Le Maître Phonétique. 8 (45) (30): 24–27. ISSN 1016-832X. JSTOR 4470434. goân-loē-iông tī 2022-10-19 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-10-19 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Unicode chart Spacing Modifying Letters (U+02B0.., pdf)
↑ Staveless dots for unaccented (reduced) high, mid and low tones, as well as an example of a more complex staveless tone, are found in Yuen Ren Chao (1927) tʃaɪniːz (piˑkɪŋiːz). Le Maître Phonétique, 3rd series, vol. 5 (42), no. 20, pp. 45-46

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn

Chao, Yuen-Ren (1930), "ə sistim əv "toun-letəz"" [A system of "tone-letters"], Le Maître Phonétique, 30: 24–27, JSTOR 44704341
Chao, Yuen-Ren (1956), "Tone, intonation, singsong, chanting, recitative, tonal composition and atonal composition in Chinese.", chū Halle, Moris, For Roman Jakobson, The Hague: Mouton, pp. 52–59
Chao, Yuen-Ren (1968), A Grammar of Spoken Chinese, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Cheng, Teresa M. (1973), "The Phonology of Taishan", Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 1 (2): 256–322
Du, Tsai-Chwun (1988), Tone and Stress in Taiwanese, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan (Ph.D. Dissertation)
Fon, Janice; Chaing, Wen-Yu (1999), "What does Chao have to say about tones?", Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 27 (1): 13–37
International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Vance, Timothy J. (1977), "Tonal distinctions in Cantonese", Phonetica, 34 (2): 93–107, doi:10.1159/000259872, PMID 594156

Tsham-ua̍t

JSTOR

Guā-pōo liân-kiat

Gōo-tōo tiāu-ti̍t piau-kì huat Archived 2015-06-08 at the Wayback Machine. (Hàn-gí)
Tsù-im.phing-im.kok-tsè im-piau ê siann-tiāu hû-hō pí-kàu í-ki̍p tuì-ìng kàu ê im-ko (Hàn-gí)

[Chao-1] 1.0 ^1.1 A great deal more combinations than these are possible. These examples are only slightly expanded from the limited set of ligatures suggested by Chao for broad phonetic notation, where mid-high and mid-low tones combine only with each other, and level does not combine with rising or falling.

[2] Chao, Y. R. (1930). "ə sistim əv "toun-letəz"". Le Maître Phonétique. 8 (45) (30): 24–27. ISSN 1016-832X. JSTOR 4470434. goân-loē-iông tī 2022-10-19 hőng khó͘-pih. 2022-10-19 khòaⁿ--ê.

[3] Unicode chart Spacing Modifying Letters (U+02B0.., pdf)

[4] Staveless dots for unaccented (reduced) high, mid and low tones, as well as an example of a more complex staveless tone, are found in Yuen Ren Chao (1927) tʃaɪniːz (piˑkɪŋiːz). Le Maître Phonétique, 3rd series, vol. 5 (42), no. 20, pp. 45-46

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