Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok
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Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok 臺灣民主國 | |||||||||
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| 1895 nî | |||||||||
 kî-á
 ìn-á
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.svg) 1895 nî, Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok tī Tâi-oân-tó kiàn-li̍p | |||||||||
| Siú-to͘ |
Tâi-pak (1895 nî 5 goe̍h–6 goe̍h) Tâi-lâm (1895 nî 6 goe̍h–10 goe̍h) | ||||||||
| Thong-iōng gí-giân | Chheng-tiâu koaⁿ-ōe, Tâi-gí, Kheh-ōe, goân-chū-bîn-cho̍k gí-giân | ||||||||
| Chèng-hú | Kiōng-hô-kok | ||||||||
| chóng-thóng | |||||||||
• 1895 nî 5 goe̍h–6 goe̍h | Tn̂g Kéng-siông | ||||||||
• 1895 nî 6 goe̍h–10 goe̍h | Lâu Éng-hok | ||||||||
| Le̍k-sú sî-kî | Sin Tè-kok-chú-gī | ||||||||
• hō͘ Tāi-chheng sàng chhut--khì | 1895 nî 4-goe̍h 17 ji̍t | ||||||||
• soan-pò͘ to̍k-li̍p | 1895 nî 5-goe̍h 25 ji̍t | ||||||||
| 1895 nî 10-goe̍h 21 ji̍t | |||||||||
| Hoè-pè | Chheng lióng | ||||||||
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| Taⁿ siok-tī |
 Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok | ||||||||
Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok (臺灣民主國) sī 1895 nî 5 goe̍h 25 tī Tâi-oân sêng-li̍p ê kiōng-hô-kok. Hit-tang-chūn tú-tng Chheng-kok kin-kì Má-koan Tiâu-iok (馬關條約) kā Tâi-oân koah hō͘ Ji̍t-pún, Ji̍t-pún beh lâi chiàm Tâi-oân ê sî.
1895-nî 10-goe̍h 21, Ji̍t-kun phah-ji̍p-khì Tâi-lâm, Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok bia̍t-bông, lóng-chóng chiah pah-gō͘ kang.
Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok ê sêng-li̍p, chí-sī beh kóaⁿ-cháu Ji̍t-pún-lâng niā-niā, m̄-sī chin-chiàⁿ beh to̍k-li̍p. Chit-khoán kóng-hoat tùi nî-hō, kî-á kah in hoat ê kong-kò, tâng-sòaⁿ-phe lóng khòaⁿ ē chhut--lâi. Nî-hō "Éng-chheng" (永清), ì-sù tio̍h sī "'éng' -oán hāu-tiong 'Chheng'-kok", in ê kî-á mā sī tùi-èng tio̍h Chheng-kok ê Hông-liông-kî chō chhut--lâi ê.
Le̍k-sú[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
Pōe-kéng[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
1894 nî, Chheng-kok kah Ji̍t-pún hoat-seng Kap-ngó͘ Chiàn-cheng, Chheng-kok phah-su, tī Ji̍t-pún Má-koan chhiam-tèng Má-koan Tiâu-iok (馬關條約), kā kui-êHok-kiàn Tâi-oân-séng koah hō͘ Ji̍t-pún. Tâi-oân-lâng chai-iáⁿ liáu-āu hoán-tùi chit-ê koat-tēng, m̄-koh Chheng-kok chèng-hú bô chhap in, soah kí-chiàn chêng Tâi-oân sûn-bú Tn̂g Kéng-siông做chóng-thóng, sêng-li̍p Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok.
Kiàn-li̍p Bîn-chú-kok[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
5-goe̍h 15，Tn̂g Kéng-siông hoat-pò͘ Tâi-bîn Pò͘-kò, tāi-ì sī kóng: "Goán Tâi-oân í-keng hō͘ Chheng-kok thóng-tì 200-gōa tang ah, kèng-jiân beh hőng koah khì hō͘ Ji̍t-pún, goán siōⁿ-beh î-chhî goân-pún ê chōng-hóng, khì chhōe Eng-kok, Lō͘-se-a, Hoat-kok, Tek-kok khòaⁿ kám ē-sái chhap-chhiú, kiat-kó lóng sit-pāi. Sò͘-i lán chí-hó ka-kī to̍k-li̍p, tán-thāi tāi-chì kiat-sok liáu-āu koh khòaⁿ Chheng-kok beh án-chóaⁿ chhú-lí. Tâi-oân-lâng tio̍h-sī sí-liáu-liáu mā bē kā Tâi-oân sàng hō͘ Ji̍t-pún. Goán ē khì Tāi-lio̍k bō͘-khoán, goān-ì tàu-saⁿ-kāng ê lâng, Tâi-oân ê chu-goân láng ē-sái kah lín kiōng-tông khai-hoat hun-hióng lī-ek. Nā kok-kok goān-ì chhut-lâi chú-chhî kong-tō, hō͘ Tâi-oân ē-sái tńg-khì Chheng-kok, goán mā goān-ì theh Tâi-oân ū ê lī-ek lâi pò-tap. M̄-sī Tâi-oân bô-lí, sī chheng-chhái hőng koah chhut--khì mā sioⁿ hàm ah. Hi-bāng ta̍k-ke ē-sái kā goán tàu-saⁿ-kāng."
Tâi-oân-lâng koh hoat tâng-sòaⁿ-phe hō͘ Chheng-kok ê chi̍t-kóa koaⁿ-oân:
Ho̍k chhâ Tâi-oân ûi tiâu-têng khì tē, pek-sèng bû i, î iú sú siú, kù ûi tó-kok, iâu tài hông-lêng, ûi lâm-iông pêng-pè. (伏查臺灣為朝廷棄地，百姓無依，惟有死守，據為島國，遙戴皇靈，為南洋屏蔽。)
(hoan-e̍k: Tâi-oân chit-má sī tiâu-têng bô-ài ê só͘-chai, peh-sèⁿ bô mi̍h-kiāⁿ thang i-khò, chí-hó sí-siú Tâi-oân, chiâⁿ-chò chi̍t-ê tó-kok lâi pang-chō͘ Chheng-kok siú-hō͘ lâm-iôⁿ)
5-goe̍h 25, Tn̂g Kéng-siông hoat-pò͘ "Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok To̍k-li̍p Soan-giân", chèng-sek to̍k-li̍p, kok-kî sī "Nâ-tē-n̂g-hó͘-kî", nî-hō "Éng-chheng", siú-to͘ tī Tâi-pak.
It-bī Chiàn-cheng[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
5-goe̍h 29 ji̍t, Ji̍t-kun tī Ò-té (taⁿ Sin-pak-chhī Kòng-liâu-khu) teng-lio̍k. 6-goe̍h chhe-2, Chheng-kok kah Ji̍t-pún oân-sêng Tâi-oân ê kau-chiap. 6-goe̍h chhe-3, Sai-kiû-léng phàu-tâi kah Ke-lâng lóng hō͘ Ji̍t-pún chiàm-khì, Bîn-chú-kok chiàn-sí siōng-bô 200 gōa lâng.
6-goe̍h chhe-3 phah-pāi ê peng thè ji̍p-khì Tâi-pak, chō-sêng hun-loān. 6-goe̍h chhe-4 beh-àm-á, chóng-thóng Tn̂g Kéng-siông ōe-chng chò a-pô, chah chîⁿ liu-soan chhut--khì. 6-goe̍h chhe-6, Tn̂g Kéng-siông chē Tek-kok ê chûn Arthur-hō, tùi Tām-chúi cháu-khì Ē-mn̂g. Ū-lâng tio̍h in-ūi án-ne kā hit-kang kóng-chò sī Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok bia̍t-bông ê ji̍t-chí. 6-goe̍h chhe-7, hù-chóng-thóng Khu Hông-kah chai-iáⁿ Tn̂g Kéng-siông í-keng lî-khui Tâi-oân liáu-āu, mā koat-tēng tòe i cháu-lō͘, chah cha̍p-bān lióng gîn-kak-á ê iân-kim[1] cháu-khì Kńg-tang Ka-èng. 6-goe̍h 11 ji̍t, Báng-kah sū-sin gêng-chiap Ji̍t-pún-kun ji̍p-khì Tâi-pak-siâⁿ. Siâng-sî, kun-bū tāi-sîn, gī-ióng-kun tāi-thóng-léng bô beh hòng-khì kè-siok pī-chiàn.
6-goe̍h 19 ji̍t, Ji̍t-kun khai-sí lâm-hā beh phah Thô-hn̂g, Sin-tek. 22-hō chiân-hong pō͘-tūi chiàm-niá Tek-chhàm-siâⁿ sî, khai-sí siū-tio̍h kheh-lâng ê hoan-khòng[2]. Lēng-gōa, tī Saⁿ-kak-éng Ji̍t-kun mā siū-tio̍h chāi-tē lâng ê tu̍t-si̍p, sí-siong pah-gōa lâng.
6-goe̍h 26 ji̍t, chhun-ê lâng tī Tâi-lâm kí-chiàn Bîn-chú-kok tāi-chiòng-kun Lâu Éng-hok chò tē-jī-jīm tāi-chóng-thóng, siú-to͘ khan-khì Tâi-lâm, hō-chò "Lâm-to͘" , chóng-thóng-hú siat tī Tōa Thian-hiō-kiong. Ūi-tio̍h thàn-tio̍h keng-hùi, sīm-chì bat hoat-hèng gîn-phiò kah chhiat-chhiú. Ha̍k-chiá kā Lâu Éng-hok tī Tâi-lâm kiàn-li̍p ê chèng-koân hō-chò "Tâi-lâm Kiōng-hô" (Tainan Republic) [3][4][5] he̍k-chiá "Tē-jī Kiōng-hô" (Second Republic)[6].
8-goe̍h té, nn̂g-pêng lóng kok-chū tī Pat-kòa-soaⁿ hù-kīn chi̍p-ha̍p. 27-hō, Ji̍t-kun khai-sí phàu-kek Pat-kòa-soaⁿ ê khòng-ji̍t-kun tīn-tē. 29-hō pòaⁿ-mê khai-sí chìn-kong, keng-kòe peh tiám-cheng ê chiàn-tàu, tī hit-kang ē-chá peh-tiám the̍h-tio̍h sèng-lī. Che sī It-bī Chiàn-cheng siōng tōa ê hōe-chiàn, hō-chò "Pat-kòa-soaⁿ chi e̍k".
In-ūi chiàn-hóng bô siōⁿ ê hiah-ni̍h-á hó, Ji̍t-kun cheng-ka kun-tūi, tī Ka-gī Pò͘-tē kah Pîn-tong Pang-liâu teng-lio̍k. 10-goe̍h chhe-3 khí, khai-sí kong-chiàm Tâi-oân lâm-pō͘ ta̍k-ê siâⁿ-chhī.
10-goe̍h 11-ji̍t, Ka-gī mā hō͘ Ji̍t-kun chiàm-khì, Lâu Éng-hok chai-iáⁿ bô-hoat-tō͘ khòng-ji̍t ah[7], tio̍h kiò Tēⁿ Chhiau-eng siú An-pêng, Koa Goa̍t-pho siú phàu-tâi, pēng-chhiáⁿ hun-peng chù-chat tī Chan-bûn-khe téng-thâu[8]. 10-goe̍h 16-ji̍t, Ji̍t-kun kong-kek Kî-āu Phàu-tâi, siú-hō͘ phàu-tâi ê chiong-kun Lâu Sêng-liông (Lâu Éng-hok ê gī-chú) kah in hō͘-siong phàu-kek nn̄g tiám-gōa-cheng, phàu-tâi hō͘ Ji̍t-pún-lâng chiàm-khì, i tio̍h cháu-khì Tâi-lâm. 10-goe̍h 18-ji̍t, Ji̍t-kun kiâⁿ kah Tâi-lâm. Tēⁿ chhing tī Jī-chàn-hâng-khe tùi-khòng in, thiaⁿ-tio̍h Lâu í-keng cháu-lō͘ liáu-āu, tio̍h kā kiô iōng toān thè ji̍p-khì soaⁿ-lâi[8].
Bia̍t-bông[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
Tìn-siú Tâi-lâm ê Lâu Éng-hok mā kah Tâi-pak ê Tn̂g Kéng-siông, Tâi-tiong ê Khu Hông-kah kâng-khoán á-bōe phah tio̍h cháu-lō͘ ah. 10-goe̍h 20-ji̍t, Lâu Éng-hok khòaⁿ bô hi-bāng ah, tio̍h kah gī-chú Lâu Sêng-liông chē Eng-kok siong-chûn "Thales lûn" cháu-khì Ē-mn̂g. Ta̍k-ke jîn-sim-hông-hông, lóng beh chē-chûn khì Ē-mn̂g, Tâi-lâm-siâⁿ lāi kui-ê loān-chhau-chhau.
10-goe̍h 21-ji̍t sîn-sî, chāi-tē sū-sin Tân Siu-ngó͘, Ngô͘ Tō-gôan chhiáⁿ Eng-kok bo̍k-su Barclay, Sòng Tiong-kian téng-téng khì kah Ji̍t-kun kau-sia̍p, Barclay kah kàu-tô͘ theh Eng-kok kok-kî, tī àm-sî chiân-óng kun-iâⁿ, chhōa Ji̍t-kun hô-pêng ji̍p-siâⁿ, Ji̍t-kun ùi sió-lâm-mn̂g sūn-lī ji̍p-khì Tâi-lâm-siâⁿ, Bîn-chú-kok chèng-sek bia̍t-bông.
Gián-kiú kah phêng-lūn[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
Eng-gí miâ[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
| Tâi-oân |
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Khài-hóng
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 Tâi-oân chú-tê
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"Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok" só͘ iōng ê Eng-gí miâ sī "The Republic of Formosa". Āu-lâi Lâu Éng-hok chhōa-thâu ê "Tē-jī Kiōng-hô" chèng-hú sī iōng "The Taiwan Republic" chit-ê miâ[9].
M̄-koh, tī Eng-gí bûn-hiàn lāi-té, ta̍k-ke tùi "Bîn-chú-kok" iōng ê hoan-e̍k tio̍h chiok chē bô-kâng ê só͘-chai, tû-liáu "The Republic of Formosa"[10] kah "The Taiwan Republic" [3][4][11]í-gōa, mā ū "The Formosan Republic"[12]、「Republic of Taiwan」[13] kah "The Formosan Democratic Republic" [14].
Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok ê chhiat-chhiú hoan chò "Formosan Republic"[15].
A-chiu tē-it-ê kiōng-hô-kok ê gî-gī[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok ê chhut-hiān pí kāng-khoán sī kiōng-hô-kok ê Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok chá 16 tang, tio̍h hőng jīn-ûi sī "A-chiu siōng-chá ê kiōng-hô-kok" he̍k-chiá "A-chiu siōng-chá ê bîn-chú kiōng-hô-kok"[16]. M̄-koh tī che chìn-chêng, tī 1777 nî Borneo tio̍h í-keng ū Lân-hong Kiōng-hô-kok (蘭芳-), sī A-chiu tē-it-ê í kiōng-hô-kok chū-chheng ê chèng-koân. Sòa-lo̍h-khì tī 1868 nî Pak-hái-tō mā ū Ezo Kiōng-hô-kok (蝦夷-), sī A-chiu siōng-chá thàu-kòe soán-kí lâi cho͘-chit chèng-hú ê chèng-koân. chún-khak lâi kóng, Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok eng-kai-sī A-chiu tē-it-ê í bîn-chú-kok chū-chheng ê chèng-koân, tâi-sī in-ūi chiàn-cheng bô-hoat-tō͘ si̍t-hêng bîn-chú chè-tō͘.
Lēng-gōa, pí Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok òaⁿ 3 tang, tī Hui-li̍p-pin mā ū kāng-khoán oa̍h bē kú ê Hui-li̍p-pin Kiōng-hô-kok. 1920 nî tī Siberia mā ū lēng-gōa chi̍t-ê té-miā ê Oán-tong Kiōng-hô-kok. Koh chài-lâi A-chiu beh ū sin-ê kiōng-hô-kok tio̍h-ài tán kah Tē-jī-chhun Sè-kài Tâi-chiân kiat-sok liáu-āu[17].
Kok-kài tùi Bîn-chú-kok ê khòaⁿ-hoat[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
Tùi chi̍t-ê tī Tâi-oân le̍k-sú-siōng bat chûn-chāi chi̍t-ē-á ê chèng-koân, ta̍k-ê ha̍k-chiá tùi i ê pún-chit it-ti̍t ū bô-kâng ê khòaⁿ-hoat.
Tē-it, choân-sè-kài tāi-to-sò͘ ê ha̍k-chiá, khòaⁿ-khí-lâi lóng kiông-tiāu chi̍t-ê "kiōng-hô-kok" ê "jîn-ûi-sèng (artificiality)". In jīn-ûi bîn-chú-kok sī Chheng-tiâu koaⁿ-hong kah Tâi-oân koaⁿ-oân iōng-lâi the̍h-tio̍h kok-chè chi-chhî, beh hō͘ Ji̍t-pún hòng-khì kong-chiàm Tâi-oân ê chok-hoat, kè-siok î-chhî in tùi Chheng-kok ê tiong-sim. Ū ha̍k-chiá tio̍h kóng: "Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok bē-sái sǹg-sī chi̍t-pái chin-chiàⁿ ê Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng. Chheng-kok ê koaⁿ tī chiàn-pāi liáu-āu, siōⁿ-beh kā Tâi-oân khe̍h lâi chò tâm-phòaⁿ ê tiû-bé, m̄-koh kiaⁿ Tâi-oân-lâng bē-sóng, só͘-í ài tī Tâi-oân chè-chō khòng-ji̍t ê ūn-tōng, hō͘ Tâi-oân-lâng kám-kak sī Ji̍t-pún beh lâi chiàm-niá Tâi-oân, m̄-sī Chheng-kok chhut-bē Tâi-oân".
Tē-jī, khah chi-chhî Tiong-kok bîn-cho̍k chú-gī ê lâng, jīn-ûi Bîn-chú-kok sī Tiong-kok-lâng tùi-khòng Ji̍t-pún tè-kok-chú-gī ê kî-tiong chi̍t-ê ūn-tōng. Ūi-tio̍h kiông-hòa in Tâi-oân chú-koân sio̍k-î Tiong-kok ê kiat-lūn, in tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ ē kiông-tiāu "khòng-ji̍t ūn-tōng" lāi-té ê "Tiong-kok-sèng (Chineseness)". Lōa Kiàn-kok tio̍h tùi "Bîn-chú-kok" ê khòaⁿ-hoat sī: "Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok ê chèng-tī tē-ūi, sī sio̍k-î chheng-tiâu he̍k-chiá Tiong-kok ē-kha ê, bô kū-pī to̍k-li̍p ê tē-ūi; i sī chi̍t-chióng kòe-tō͘-sèng ê cho͘-chit niā-niā, Tâi-oân hêng-hō͘ Tiong-kok ê jīm-bū oân-sêng liáu-āu, i tio̍h ē ka-kī kiat-sok."
Mā ū chi̍t-kóa chi-chhî Tâi-to̍k ê ha̍k-chiá ê khòaⁿ-hoat kah téng-koân kóng ê sio-siâng. Sú-bêng jīn-ûi: "'Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok' ê chong-chí sui-jiân sī kóng beh to̍k-li̍p kiàn-kok, tān-sī, i só͘ tāi-piáu ê sù-siông, bô-it-tēng kah Tâi-oân chāi-tē lâng sio-ha̍p...in ê chèng-tī bo̍k-piau mā bô thoat-lī Chheng-kok thóng-tì chi-hā ê hong-kiàn Tiong-kok." Lēng-gōa, Ông Io̍k-tek mā jīn-ûi Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok ê to̍k-li̍p soan-giân kek-tiāu bô koân, chú-iàu-sī soan-giân lāi-té ê "kiong hōng chèng-sok, iâu chok pêng hoan" chit-kù, hō͘-i hoâi-gî Bîn-chú-kok kám-sī chin-chiàⁿ beh to̍k-li̍p.
Mā ū chi-chhî Tâi-to̍k ê ha̍k-chiá, kā Bîn-chú-kok khòaⁿ-chò chi̍t-ê "sū-si̍t (de facto)" to̍k-li̍p ê kok-ka, kā i khǹg tī Tâi-oân-lâng ùi 17 sè-kí i-lāi hoán-khòng ī-cho̍k thóng-tì ê chōng-hóng lâi kái-sek[18][19]。N̂g Chiau-tông tio̍h jīn-ûi, kah Tâi-oân le̍k-sú-siōng chìn-chêng ê chèng-tī ūn-tōng pí-khí-lâi, Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok ū ē-kha ê saⁿ-ê te̍k-tiám:
- Tī to̍k-li̍p soan-giân lāi-té chu-tioⁿ: "Só͘-ū ê kok-bū lóng hō͘ kong-bîn soán chhut-lâi ê koaⁿ-lī lâi-chò", koan-î chit-tiám, m̄-koán sī chhut-î Au-bí ê kiàn-gī, iah-sī ūi-tio̍h tit-tio̍h gōa-kok sêng-jīn chiah iōng ê chhiú-tōaⁿ, iōng kong-bîn (People) chit-ê sû-lūi lâi soan-iông Tâi-oân chū-bîn ê ì-chì ū i tek-pia̍t ê ì-gī.
- Tâi-oân Bîn-chú-kok sī tē-it-ê bêng-khak piáu-ta̍t í Tâi-oân chok-ûi léng-thó͘ ê kiàn-kok ūn-tōng.
- M̄-koán si̍t-chè ê chêng-hêng án-chóaⁿ, i sī tē-it-pái chhì-khòaⁿ-māi A-chiu kî-thaⁿ kok-ka m̄-bat chhì-kòe ê kiōng-hô thé-chè. [20] (Si̍t-chè-siōng, tī che chìn-chêng A-chiu bat chhut-hiān-kòe nn̄g-ê kiōng-hô-kok)
Chham-khó bûn-hiàn[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
- Campbell, William (1915). Sketches from Formosa. London, England: Marshall Brothers. OL 7051071M.
- Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan & co. OL 6931635M.
- Lamley, Harry J. (August 1968). "The 1895 Taiwan Republic: A Significant Episode in Modern Chinese History". The Journal of Asian Studies. 27 (4): 739–762. doi:10.2307/2051577. JSTOR 2051577.
- McAleavy, Henry (1968). Black Flags in Vietnam : The Story of a Chinese Intervention. London, England: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0049510142.
- Paine, S.C.M. (2003). The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 : perceptions, power and primacy (1st pán.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 0521817145. OL 22020888M.
- Takekoshi, Yosaburō (1907). Japanese rule in Formosa. London, New York, Bombay and Calcutta: Longmans, Green, and co. OCLC 753129. OL 6986981M.
Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
category:Republic of Formosa tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn.
- Han Cheung (19 June 2016). "As the last resistance fell". Taipei Times. p. 12. 19 June 2016 khòaⁿ--ê.
- van der Wees, Gerrit (4 June 2018). "The rise and fall of the Republic of Formosa". Taipei Times. 4 June 2018 khòaⁿ--ê.
Wi fi
- ↑ 連橫.《臺灣通史》
- ↑ 洪棄生，《瀛海偕亡記》，1906年
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chang, Lung-chih（1995）．The 1895 Taiwan Republic: A Centennial Reassessment．Paper presented at the annual meeting of North America Taiwan Studies Conference, 2-4 June, New Haven, Conn．
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lamley, Harry J.（1968年）．“The 1895 Taiwan Republic: A Significant Episode in Modern Chinese History”．The Journal of Asian Studies，27（4）：739-62．
- ↑ Wang, Mei-ling T（1999）．The Dust that Never Settles: The Taiwan Independence Campaign and U.S.-China Relations．Lanham, Md：University Press of America．p.7
- ↑ Long 1991, 26
- ↑ Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê
<ref>tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī#1 - ↑ 8.0 8.1 吳德功，《讓臺記》，省立臺北圖書館，1897年(光緒二十三年)春。
- ↑ 黃昭堂，《台灣民主國之研究》，廖為智譯，台北，台灣現代學術研究會，1993年，60頁
- ↑ Chen, I-te（1968）．Japanese Colonialism in Korea and Formosa: A Comparison of Its Effects upon the Development of Nationalism．Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania. p.57-60.
- ↑ Wang, Mei-ling T（1999）．The Dust that Never Settles: The Taiwan Independence Campaign and U.S.-China Relations．Lanham, Md：University Press of America．p.40
- ↑ Davidson, James W（1988）．The Island of Formosa: Past and Present．Taipei：Southern Materials Center, Inc., p.275-289
- ↑ Su, Bing（1986）．Taiwan's 400 Year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People，translated by Kuo-tsi Tai，Washington, D.C.：Taiwanese Cultural Grassroots Association, p.101
- ↑ Meisner, Maurice（1964）．“The Development of Formosan Nationalism”，Mark Mancall 編：Formosa Today．New York：Frederick A. Praeger，149-150
- ↑ "存档副本". goân-loē-iông tī 2014-03-14 hőng khó͘-pih. 2004-10-26 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ Goddard, W. G.（1966）．Formosa: A Study in Chinese History．East Lansing：Michigan State University Press, p.140
- ↑ 黃昭堂，《台灣民主國之研究》，廖為智譯，台北，台灣現代學術研究會，1993年，226頁
- ↑ 黃昭堂，《台灣民主國之研究》，廖為智譯，台北，台灣現代學術研究會，1993年
- ↑ 施敏輝，《台灣意識論戰選集》，注視島內一場「台灣意識」的論戰，台灣出版社，1985年，10頁
- ↑ 黃昭堂，《第二次大戰前「台灣人意識」的探討》，《台灣淪陷論文集》，台北，財團法人現代學術研究基金會，1996年，87頁