"Eng-gí" pán-pún chi-kan bô-kāng--ê tē-hng
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2012-nî 5-goe̍h 18-ji̍t (pài-gō·) 01:50 ê siu-tēng-pún
Eng-gí sī 1 chióng Se Tek-gí-hē ê gí-giân, i ê goân-thâu tī Eng-kok. Eng-gí ê bó-gí jîn-kháu chhiau-kòe 4-ek (2002 nî sò·-kì). Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok kap āu--lâi Bí-kok tī kun-sū, keng-chè, kho-ha̍k, chèng-tī, bûn-hòa ê éng-hióng tì-sú Eng-gí chiâⁿ-chò sè-kài chú-iàu ê thong-hêng-gí chi it.
Kán-sú
- Chham-khó: Eng-gí ê le̍k-sú
Kóng Tek-gí-hē gí-giân ê Angle, Saxon, Jute téng-téng ê pō·-lo̍k tī Se-goân 500 nî chó-iū khai-sí si̍t-bîn Britain-tó. In chi-phoè pún-té í-keng tī England tē-khu ê Celtic-gí cho̍k-kûn. In ê hong-giân sī Eng-gí ê sian-chó·, āu--lâi chheng-hō· sī Kó· Eng-gí (Old English). Kó· Eng-gí oan-nā siū Kó· Norse (Old Norse) chit ê Tek-gí-hē hong-giân éng-hióng. Hiān-tāi ê hun-lūi jīn-ûi Kó· Eng-gí î-chhî kàu 1100 nî, Norman-lâng chhim-lio̍k Britain-tó liáu-āu bô joā kú. Beowulf sī Kó· Eng-gí ê tāi-piáu-chok.
Norman-lâng toà--lâi ê Kó· Hoat-gí (Old French) chhim-chhim éng-hióng Tiong Eng-gí (Middle English), iok-lio̍k tùi 1100 nî (Norman-lâng tī 1066 nî khai-sí thóng-tī) kàu 1500 nî (ìn-soat-ki hoat-bêng liáu-āu). Tiong Eng-gí sî-kî lâu--lo̍h-lâi siōng ū miâ-siaⁿ ê tù-chok sī Geoffrey Chaucer ê The Canterbury Tales. Chit toāⁿ sî-kî Eng-gí keng-koè Ūn-bó Toā Soá-ūi (Eng-gí: Great Vowel Shift) ê im-ta̍t piàn-chhian, liáu-āu chiâⁿ-chò Hiān-tāi Eng-gí (Modern English).
Hiān-tāi Eng-gí tùi William Shakespeare ê sî-tāi khai-sí hoat-tián. I ê gí-hoat, hoat-im chēng hit-chūn kàu taⁿ goân-chek-siōng bô kái-piàn, ke̍k-ke sû-lūi ū toā cheng-ka niā-niā. Ū-ê ha̍k-chiá khu-pia̍t chá-kî kap āu-kî (1800 nî) ê Hiān-tāi Eng-gí. 1800 nî liáu-āu, Britain Tè-kok chiàm-niá sè-kài toā pō·-hūn, siâng-sî ia̍h siū hia ê gí-giân éng-hióng.
Hun-lūi
Eng-gí sio̍k Ìn-tō·-Europa ka-cho̍k chi-hā ê Tek-gí-hē.
Eng-gí siōng chhin ê hiān-tāi chhin-chiâⁿ sī Scots kap Frysk. Koan-hē khah hn̄g--tām-po̍h-á ê gí-giân sī Kē Saxon-gí (tī Kē-tē-kok tang-pêng kap Tek-kok pak-pō·). Kî-thaⁿ ū koan-hē ê gí-giân ū Kē-tē-kok-gí, Afrikaans, Tek-gí, Pak Europa ê gí-giân. In-ūi Eng-gí tùi Norman-lâng ê Hoat-gí khip-siu chē-chē sû-lūi, bat Eng-gí ê lâng mā ē-tit liáu-kái chin chē Hoat-gí ê sû; phèng-im, ì-sù mā sio-oá he̍k-chiá kāng-khoán.
Siaⁿ-im
Ūn-bó
IPA | SAMPA | Jī |
---|---|---|
[i(:)] | [i(:)] | bead |
[ɪ] | [I] | bid |
[e(ɪ)] | [e(I)] | bayed |
[ɛ] | [E] | bed |
[æ] | [{] | bad |
[ɒ] | [Q] | bod 1 |
[ɔ(:)] | [O(:)] | pawed 2 |
[o(ʊ)] | [o(U)] | bode |
[ʊ] | [U] | good |
[u(:)] | [u(:)] | booed |
[ʌ] | [V] | bud |
[ɝ(:)] | [3(`)(:)] | bird 3 |
[aɪ] | [aI] | buy |
[aʊ] | [aU] | bough |
[ɔɪ] | [OI] | boy |
[ə] | [@] | Rosa's 4 |
[ɨ] | [1] | roses 5 |
Siaⁿ-bó
siang-tûn | tûn-khí | khí-kan | chih-chiam | palato-alveolar | palatal | chih-kin | âu | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sat-im | p [p] b [b] | t [t] d [d] | k [k] g [g] | |||||
phīⁿ-im | m [m] | n [n] | ŋ [N] 1 | |||||
flap | ɾ [4] 2 | |||||||
chhat-im | f [f] v [v] | θ [T] ð [D] 3 | s [s] z [z] | ʃ [S] ʒ [Z] | x [x] 4 | h [h] | ||
sat-chhat-im | tʃ [tS] dʒ [dZ] | |||||||
approximant | ʍ [W] 5 w [w] | ɹ [r\] | j [j] | |||||
lateral approximant | l [l] |
Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ
Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
Pún bûn-chiuⁿ sī chi̍t phiⁿ phí-á-kiáⁿ. Lí thang tàu khok-chhiong lâi pang-chō͘ Wikipedia. |