Thorium

Thorium,  ₉₀Th

Ki-pún sèng-chit
Miâ, hû-hō	thorium, Th
Gōa-hêng	silvery, often with black tarnish
Thorium tī chiu-kî-piáu lāi ê ūi-tì
Ce ↑ Th ↓ (Uqb) actinium ← thorium → protactinium
Goân-chú-hoan	90
Goân-chú-liōng (±)	232.0377(4)
Goân-sò͘ lūi-pia̍t	actinium-hē
Cho̍k, hun-khu	n/a, f khu
Chiu-kî	tē 7 chiu-kî
Tiān-chú pâi-lia̍t	[Rn] 6d2 7s2
per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
Bu̍t-lí sèng-chit
Siòng	solid
Iûⁿ-tiám	2023 K ​(1750 °C, ​3182 °F)
Hut-tiám	5061 K ​(4788 °C, ​8650 °F)
Bi̍t-tō͘  (sek-un)	11.724 g·cm−3
Iûⁿ-hoà-jia̍t	13.81 kJ·mol−1
Cheng-hoat-jia̍t	514 kJ·mol−1
Jia̍t-iông-liōng	26.230 J·mol−1·K−1
cheng-khì-ap P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k tī T (K) 2633 2907 3248 3683 4259 5055
Goân-chú sèng-chit
Sng-hòa-sò͘	4, 3, 2, 1
Tiān-hū-tō͘	Pauling scale: 1.3
Tiān-lī-lêng	1st: 587 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 1110 kJ·mol−1 3rd: 1930 kJ·mol−1
Goân-chú pòaⁿ-kèng	empirical: 179.8 pm
Kiōng-kè pòaⁿ-kèng	206±6 pm
Cha̍p-lio̍k
Chiⁿ-thé kò͘-chō	​face-centered cubic (fcc)
Siaⁿ-sok (sòe kùn-á)	2490 m·s−1 (at 20 °C)
Jia̍t-phòng-tiòng	11.0 µm·m−1·K−1 (at 25 °C)
Jia̍t-thoân-tō-lu̍t	54.0 W·m−1·K−1
Tiān-chó͘-lu̍t	157 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Chû-sèng	paramagnetic
Young hē-sò͘	79 GPa
Shear hē-sò͘	31 GPa
Bulk hē-sò͘	54 GPa
Poisson pí	0.27
Mohs ngē-tō͘	3.0
Vickers ngē-tō͘	295–685 MPa
Brinell ngē-tō͘	390–1500 MPa
CAS teng-kì pian-hō	7440-29-1
Le̍k-sú
Hō-miâ	after Thor, the Norse god of thunder
Hoat-hiān	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1829)
Chòe ún-tēng ê tông-ūi-sò͘
Chú bûn-chiong: thorium ê tông-ūi-sò͘
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 227Th trace 18.68 d α 6.038 5.978 223Ra 228Th trace 1.9116 y α 5.520 224Ra 229Th trace 7917 y α 5.168 225Ra 230Th trace 75400 y α 4.770 226Ra 231Th trace 25.5 h β− 0.39 231Pa 232Th 100% 1.405×1010 y α 4.083 228Ra 234Th trace 24.1 d β− 0.27 234Pa

Thorium sī 1 ê hoà-ha̍k goân-sò͘. I ê goân-chú-hoan sī 90, hoà-ha̍k hû-hō sī Th.

Chham-khó chu-liāu

• Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd pán.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. 
• Stoll, W. (2005). "Thorium and Thorium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_001. ISBN 978-3-527-31097-5. 
• Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). "Thorium". The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. pp. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. 

Siong-koan chu-liāu

• Jordan, B. W.; Eggert, R.; Dixon, B.; et al. (2014). "Thorium: Does Crustal Abundance Lead to Economic Availability?" (PDF). Colorado School of Mines. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 30 June 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. 29 September 2017 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• International Atomic Energy Agency (2005). Thorium fuel cycle – Potential benefits and challenges

Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

Khì Wiktionary chhâ
thorium chit ê sû.

• FactSheet on Thorium, World Nuclear Association
• Thorium TV – A review of the element
• EnergyFromThorium.com – Content-rich site on Thorium as a future energy source, and its extraction technology
• TED talk by former NASA engineer Kirk Sorensen about Thorium energy production (video)