Washington kò-chûn hêng-tō͘ Delaware Hô (1851 hōe-ōe)

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Washington kò-tsûn hîng-tōo Delware [en] (1851 huē-uē)
(Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851))
Gē-su̍t-ka Emanuel Leutze
1851
Châi-liāu Pòo-bīn iû-uē
Chhùn-chhioh 378.5 cm × 647.7 cm (149 in × 255 in)
Só͘-chāi Metropolitan gē-su̍t phok-bu̍t-kuán [en], New York, hām Minnesota hái-iûñ gē-su̍t phok-bu̍t-kuán [en], Minnesota Winona

Washington kò-tsûn hîng-tōo Delware [en] (1851 huē-uē) (ing-gú: Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)) sī Tik-ē bí-kok-lâng [en] gē-su̍t-ka Emanuel Leutze tī 1851-nî sañ-pak iû-uē ê piau-tê [en].

Tsia--ê uē-tsok sī uī-tio̍h kì-liām George Washington tsiong-kun hām tāi-lio̍k-kun tī 1776-nî 12-gue̍h 25-ji̍t tsì 26-ji̍t àm-sî teh Bí-kok to̍k-li̍p tsiàn-tsing ê sî-tsūn kò-tsûn tōo-kuè Delware-hô, Tsit-ê hîng-tōng sī tī 12-gue̍h 26-ji̍t thàu-tsá teh New Jersey tsiu ê Trenton tsiàn-i̍k tang-tiong tu̍t-si̍p kah tsiàn-sìng Hessian kun-tuī ê tē-it pōo.

Tsit-tiunn uē ê guân-pún sī Tik-kok Bremen Bremen gē-su̍t-kuán [en] siu-tsông ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn, tī 1942-nî jī-tsiàn kî-kan ê tsi̍t-pái hong-tsà tang-tiong hông huí-sún. Leutze koh uē nn̄g-ê pán-pún, kî-tiong tsi̍t-ê tsit-má kǹg-teh New York tshī ê Tuā-too-huē gē-su̍t phok-bu̍t-kuán [en]. Līng-guā tsit-tiunn kǹg-teh Washington, D.C. pe̍h-kiong se-i̍k ê tsiap-thāi-khu, m̄-ku tī 2015-nî 3-gue̍h hông kòo-bé pīng-tshiánn teh Minnesota tsiu ê Minnesota hái-iûnn gē-su̍t phok-bu̍t-kuán [en] tián-tshut. Tī 2022-nî 4-gue̍h, Christie's [en] suan-pòo, tsit pak khak-se hù ê uē-tsok tio̍h-beh tī 5-gue̍h teh phah-bē-huē tíng-kuân tshut-bē, ū-siū kóo-kè uî 15 tsì 2000 bān bí-kim.[1] Tsuè-āu tsit-pak tôo í 4300 bān bí-kim ê kè-siàu siū-tshut.

Li̍k-sú[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Washington kò-tsûn hîng-tōo Delware [en] (1851 huē-uē) (1849–1850), iû Emanuel Leutze sóo-huē-uē.

Emanuel Leutze teh Bí-kok sîng-tióng tuā-hàn ê, sîng-liân liáu-āu, tńg-khì Tik-kok, tī 1848-nî kik-bīng kî-kan bîng-sing tshòng-tsok tsit-pak tôo ê siūnn-huat. Ǹg-bāng iōng Bí-kok kik-bīng uî bôo-iūnn, kóo-lē A-tsiu ê tsū-iûtsú-gī kái-kik-tsiá, lî-tshiánn koh lī-iōng Bí-kok ê iû-kheh hām gē-su̍t ha̍k-sing tsò bôo-ti̍k-jî hām tsōo-tshiú, kî-tiong pau-kua Worthington Whittredge ham Andreas Achenbach, Leutze tī 1850-nî uân-sîng tē-it pak tôo. Tē-it pak tôo uân-sîng liáu-āu, tē-it pak tôo sua-teh i-ê kang-tsok-sik hōo tuā-hue sio-tàn-tiāu,[2] Suî-āu tē-it pak tôo hông siu-ho̍k koh hōo Bremen gē-su̍t-kuán [en] lâi siu-kòo. Tī 1942-nî 9-gue̍h 5-ji̍t, teh jī-tsiàn kî-kan, tē-it pak tôo suà-lâi teh bîng-kun ê hong-tsà tang-tiong tshui-huí.[3]

Tē-jī pak tôo sī tē-it pak tôo ê tsuân tshùn-tshiò ho̍k-tsè-phín, tī 1850-nî khai-sí, lî-tshiánn koh-tī 1851-nî 10-gue̍h teh New York tshī tián-tshut. Tshiau-kuè 50,000 lâng lâi tsham-kuan tsit-pak tô. Tsit-pak tôo siōng khai-sí sī-iû Marshall O. Roberts iōng 10,000 bí-kim (hit-tong-sî sī tsi̍t-pit tuā-tsînn, tī 2021-nî tāi-iok sī 350,000 bí-kim) ê kè-siàu lâi siu-bé. Teh tsiânn-tsē piàn thè-uānn sóo-iú-kuân liáu-āu, tsit-pak tôo tsuè-āu tī 1897-nî iû John Stewart Kennedy kuan-tsīng hōo Tuā-too-huē gē-su̍t phok-bu̍t-kuán. "Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth" (Whashington teh Monmouth tsi̍p-kiat kun-tuī), Leutze ê "Washington Crossing the Delaware" ê kâng-phuānn tsok-phín teh California tāi-ha̍k [en] Doe tôo-su-kuán ê Heyns (tang-pîng) ua̍t-lám-sik tián-tshut.

Tsit-pak tôo teh i-ê li̍k-sú siōng tsì-tsió hông tsió-khì nn̄g-pái.tī 1950 nî-tāi tshoo-kî, tsit-pak tôo sī Texas tsiu Dallas tián-lám ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn. Jiân-āu, uì 1952-nî khai-sí, teh kū-lî tôo-uē lâi kòo-sū huat-sing ê hiān-tiûnn bô-guā-hn̄g ê Pennsylvania tsiu Washington Crossing ê liân-ha̍p uē-lí kong-huē ê kàu-tn̂g tián-tshut kui-lo̍h-nî.

Tī 2002-nî 1-gue̍h, tong-sî tsi̍t-uī tsiân Tuā-too-huē phok-bu̍t-kuán kíng-uē teh tah 911 si̍p-kik ê siòng-phìnn ê sî-tsūn, tsit-pak tôo suá-lâi hông phah oo-khì. Hó-ka-tsài tsit-pak tôo bô-kong tsō-sîng tiōng-tāi ê sún-hāi.[4]

Kah tsit-pak tôo tàu-tīn sú-iōng ê kán-tan uē-khing guân-lâi m̄-sī Leutze siat-kè ê guân-sí khing-keh. Tī 2007-nî, teh New York li̍k-sú ha̍k-huē huat-hiān tsit-tiunn iû Mathew Brady tī 1864-nî sóo hip-ê siōng-phínn, tsit-tiunn siōng-phìnn-thâu tián-sī tsit-pak tsòng-kuan ê ing-kuan uē-khing. Ū 12 ing-tshiò x 21 ing-tshiò ê tiau-khik hok-tsè khing-keh sī-iû New York tshī ê Eli Wilner & Company sú-iōng tsit-tiunn siōng-phínn sóo tsè-tsō ê. Kan-na tiau-khik ê ing-tíng-kuan tō-ū 14 ing-tshiò khuah.

Tī 1979-nî tsì 2014-nî, tsit-pak tôo ê tē-sann pán sī guân-pán ê sok-sió pán, kuà-teh Pe̍h-kiong ê tsiap-thāi-sik. Tsit-pak tôo hōo Minnesota tsiu Winona tshī Minnesota hái-iûnn gē-su̍t phok-bu̍t-kuán [en] ê tshòng-sí-jîn Mary Burrichter hām Bob Kierlin sóo siu-kòo, lî-tshiánn koh tsòphok-bu̍t-kuán ê hi̍k-sim tián-tshut.[5]

Tsok-phín ê pòo-kio̍k[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Tsit-pak tôo sī i-ê gē-su̍t kòo-tôo jî-lai tshut-miâ. Washington tsiong-kun hōo bô tsū-jiân ê bîng-liōng thian-khong lâi kiông-tiāu, m̄-ku i-ê bīn ū lia̍h-tio̍h teh-beh tshiō-tio̍h ê ji̍t-thâu. Sik-tshái tsú-iàu sī tshim-sik ê sik-tiāu sóo tsoo-sîng ê, kán-ná phah-phú-kng hit-tang-tsūn soo ū-kî ê kong-kíng kâng-khuán, m̄-koh teh kuí-tiunn tôo lāi-té it-tsài tshut-hiān an-sik ê kng-tiám. Sok-té ê thàu-sī hām uán-tshù ê tsûn-tsiah lóng teh tsing-ka tsi̍t-pak tô ê tshim-tōo, lî-tshiánn kohkiông-tiāu tsài-tio̍h Washington ê tsit-tsiah tsûn-á.

Tsûn-tíng ê lâng tāi-piáu Bí-kok si̍t-bîn-tē ê tsi̍t-ê hîng-tsia̍t-bīn, pau-kua tsi̍t-ê thâu tì Scotland bō-á ê lâng hām tsi̍t-ê Hui-tsiu lâng ê hōo-è teh thâu-tsîng pīng-pâi, se-hong pōo-tshìng-tshiú teh tsûn-thâu kah tsûn-bué, āu-piah ū nn̄g-ê tì khuah-pian bō-á ê lông-bîn (kî-tiong tsi̍t-ê koh-iōng pe̍h-pòo-liâu pau-tsat i-ê thâu). Tsûn-bué koh-ū tsi̍t-ê lâng, i tshīng-tshah kán-ná sī Bí-tsiu guân-tsū-bîn ê sann-khòo; tse-lóng-sī tāi-piáu án-ne ê tsi̍t-tsióng siūnn-huat, tio̍h-sī sin Bí-kok sóo-ū ê lâng lóng kah Washington tàu-tīn tsò-hué teh thong-óng sìng-lī hām sîng-kong ê lōo-thâu-siōng, iā-tio̍h-sī ta̍k-ê lâng lóng tshut-hiān teh kâng tsit-tiâu tsûn ê tíng-kuân.

Kin-kù 1853-nî ê tián-lám bo̍k-lio̍k, khiā-tī Washington pín-á tshiú gia̍h-tio̍h kok-kî ê lâng tō-sī Bí-kok bī-lâi ê tsóng-thóng James Monroe tiong-uì, lî-tshiánn uá-khò teh pín-á ê lâng tō-sī Nathanael Greene tsiong-kun.[6] Tshú-guā, Edward Hand tsiong-kun tsē-teh tsûn-lāi, hû-tio̍h i-ê bō-á.

Li̍k-sú tshò-ngōo[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Teh tôo-siōng tíng-kuân sóo biâu-huē ê kî-á sī Bí-kok kok-kî ("Sing-tiâu-kî") ê tsá-kî pán-pún, tsit-khuán siat-kè teh Washington hîng-tōo ê sî-tsūn koh ia̍h-bé ū. Kî-á ê siat-kè sī tī 1777-nî 6-gue̍h 14-ji̍t ê tē-jī-kài Tāi-lio̍k huē-gī iú-kuan kî-á ê kuat-gī tang-tiong tsiah-ū tē-it-pái ê tsí-tīng, pīng-tī 1777-nî 9-gue̍h 3-ji̍t tē-it-pái khah-lâi sú-iōng; tio̍h-sī kî-á sī teh Washington tī 1776-nî ê hîng-tōo tsi-āu koh tsiânn-kú liáu-āu khah tshut-hiān. Tī 1776-nî 1-gue̍h tshe-1, Washington teh Massachusetts tsiu Somerville sing-khí-lâi ê Tuā Liân-bîng Kî, sī koh-khah hû-ha̍p li̍k-sú ê kî-á, tō-sī tsò Tāi-lio̍k kun ê tāi-piáu piau-tsún hām tē-it bīn ê Bí-kok kok-kî.

Khiā-teh Washington ê li̍p-tiûnn tíng-kuân, tsiânn bîng-hián sī uī-tio̍h iōng ing-hiông ê hong-sik lâi biâu-huē i, si̍t-tsāi lāi-kóng teh pō-hong-ú ê tiâu-kiānn tsi-hā tsûn-á an-tsuân tsiàn-pāi uî-tshî. Iá-koh khó-lū-tio̍h Washington khiā-tio̍h tsit-tiâu iōng kò ê tsûn-á tíng-kuân, án-ne tsit-khuán khiā-tio̍h ê tsu-sè khó-lîng ē-hōo tsûn-á píng-tsûn.[7] Put-jî-kò, li̍k-sú ha̍k-ka David Hackett Fischer jīn-uî, teh tsit-tiunn tôo tíng-kuân ta̍k-ê lâng lóng ài khiā--khí--lâi í-lâi pī-bián hōo tsûn-té ê ping-tsuí bak-tâm; m̄-ku si̍t-tsè-siōng sú-iōng ê Durham-tsûn ū-khah tuā tsiânn-tsē, tsûn-té mā-koh khah pênn, tsûn-á ê tshik-bīn koh-khah kuân, tsûn-á ê huainn-niû mā khah khuah (khuah-tōo) tāi-iok 8 ing-tshiò, tsiah-tsiú tshim-tōo sī 24-30 ing-tshùn.[8]

Íng-hióng[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Biâu-huē teh New Jersey tsiu tsiu bí-hun [en] tíng-kuân ê tsi̍t-pak tôo.

"Washington Crossing the Delaware" (Washington kò-chûn hêng-tō͘ Delaware Hô) sī David Shulman 1936-nî ê tsa̍p-sì hîng si [en]. Tsit-siú si-kua soo piáu-sī ê sī uē-tiong ê tiûnn-kíng, tse-sī tsit-siú tsa̍p-sì hîng ah-ūn ê si-kua, ta̍k-hîng lóng-sī piau-tê ê uānn-uī kòo-sû jī-tshai [en].

1953-nî, Bí-kok liû-hîng gē-su̍t-ka Larry Rivers huē-tsè "Washington Crossing the Delaware" (Washington kò-chûn hêng-tō͘ Delaware Hô) ê uetsok, tsit-tiunn tôo hōo New York tshī Hiān-tāi gē-su̍t phok-bu̍t-kuán [en] siu-tsông.[9] Tsi̍t-pak tôo iah-koh kè-hua̍t Roy Lichtenstein (1951-nî huē-tsè ê thiu-siōng piáu-hiān tsú-gī piàn-thé) hām Robert Colescott (1975-nî huē-tsè ê piau-tê uî "George Washington Carver Crossing the Delaware" ê hóng-tsè-phín) ê ho̍k-tsè-phín.[10] Grant Wood teh i ka-kī ê "Kik-bīng ê lú-jî" lāi-té ti̍t-tsiap sú-iōng Leutze ê uē-tsok. Tsit-pak tôo sī tuì D.A.R. (Daughters of the American Revolution) ê ti̍t-tsiap pîng-kik, teh tsim-tsiok sím-sī Wood uì in-ê lóng-bô kin-kù ê tsing-ing tsú-gī tsi kái-suat。

William H. Powell tsong-tso̍k tsit-kpak khiàm Leutze tsok-phín gē-su̍t tsè-bū ê uē-tsok, uē tiong biâu-huē Oliver Perry tī 1812-nî tsiàn-tsing kî-kan tio̍h-sī Erie-ôo tsiàn-i̍k [en] kî-kan kā tsí-hui-kuân uì tsi̍t-tsiah tsûn-tíng tsuán-î kàu līng-guā tsi̍t-tsiah tsûn tíng-kuân. Guân-lâi ê uē-tsok tsit-má kuà-teh Ohio tsiu Gī-huē tāi-hā lāi-té, lî-tshiánn Powell āu-lâi koh tshòng-tsok tsi̍t-pak koh-khah tuā-tiūnn, koh-khah tshián sik-tiāu ê kâng-tsi̍t-ê tsú-tê ê suan-jiám uē, tsit-pak tôo kuà-teh Washington, D.C. ê Bí-kok kok-huē tāi-hā lāi-té. Teh Powell ê nn̄g-pak tsok-phín tang-tiong, Perry lóng khiā-teh tsi̍t-tsiah ū kuí-ā-ê sing-khu tshīng tsè-ho̍k teh kò-ê tsûn-á tíng-kuân . Washington tsit-pak uē-tsok hián-sī uì tsiànn-pîng kàu tò-pîng ê hîng-tsìn hong-hiòng, Perry ê tôo-siōng hián-sī khak-sī tò-píng ê ūn-tōng hong-hiòng; m̄-ku tsit nn̄g-tsióng kòo-tôo teh kî-thann hong-bīn sī bueh-sio-kāng ê. Nn̄g-pak tôo lóng biâu-huē tsûn-tíng ê tsi̍t-miâ sîng-kheh, i-ê thâu-khak lóng tînn-tio̍h pe̍h-pòo-liâu.

Tsù-kái[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

  1. Cramer, Maria (April 26, 2022). "Washington Crossing the Delaware' Is Up for Sale. (Not That One.): It's a smaller version of the giant painting at the Met in New York, and it hung in the White House for years. Christie's thinks it could sell for at least $15 million next month". New York Times. April 26, 2022 khòaⁿ--ê.  (Eng-gí)
  2. "Permanent Revolution". New York magazine. Sep 10, 2012. 
  3. Spassky, Natalie (1985). "Washington Crossing the Delaware". American Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born between 1816 and 1845. 2. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-87099-439-5. 
  4. Painting gets 9/11 Defacing Archived February 4, 2010, at the Stanford Web Archive
  5. Abbe, Mary (24 March 2015). "'Washington Crossing the Delaware' lands in Winona museum". Star Tribune. 17 May 2015 khòaⁿ--ê. 
  6. Spassky (1985), pp. 20–21.
  7. Associated Press (December 24, 2011). "N.Y. museum to unveil more accurate version of George Washington's Delaware River crossing". NJ.com. The Star Ledger. December 25, 2011 khòaⁿ--ê. 
  8. Fischer, 2004, pp. 216–217

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Guā-pōo liân-kiat[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: Washington Crossing the Delaware