Bu̍t-hāu ha̍k

Bu̍t-hiō ha̍k (Phenology; 物候學) sī teh gián-kiù sing-bu̍t sènn-miā tsiu-kî tang-tiong ê tsiu-kî sìng sū-kiānn, í-ki̍p tsia--ê sū-kiānn jû-hô siū-tio̍h khì-hāu ê kuì-tsiat sìng hām liân-tsè piàn-huà í-ki̍p tshe-sik tē ê in-sòo (pí-jû hái-pua̍t) ê íng-hióng.^[2] Huān-lē pau-kuat hio̍h-á hām hue-luí tshut-hiān ê ji̍t-kî, ia̍h-á ê tē-1 pái hui-hîng, hâu-niáu ê tē-1 tshù tshut-hiān, lo̍h-hio̍h-tshiū ê hio̍h-á piàn-sik hām lo̍h-hio̍h ê ji̍t-kî, niáu-luī hām lióng-tshe tōng-bu̍t sán-luán ê ji̍t-kî, hi̍k-tsiá un-tài bi̍t-phang kûn-lo̍h ê huat-io̍k tsiu-kî. Teh kuan-î sing-thài ha̍k ê khoh-ak bûn-hiàn tang-tiong, bu̍t-hiō-ha̍k tsit-ê su̍t-gú koh-khah phóo-phiàn iōng-teh piáu-sī jīm-hô kuì-tsiat sìng sing-bu̍t hiān-siōng ê sî-kan huān-uî; pau-kuat tsuè-āu tsi̍t-pái tshut-hiān ê ji̍t-kî (pí-jû, tsi̍t-ê bu̍t-tsióng ê kuì-tsiat sìng bu̍t-hāu khó-lîng sī uì 4-gue̍h kàu 9-gue̍h),

Iû-î siânn-tsē tsi̍t-luī hiān-siōng tuì khì-hāu ê bî-sió piàn-huà hui-siông bín-kám, iû-kî sī tuì un-tōo, bu̍t-hāu kì-lio̍k ē-tàng piàn-tsò li̍k-sú khì-hāu ha̍k lāi-té un-tōo ū-lōo-iōng ê tāi-piáu; ti̍k-pia̍t sī teh khì-hāu piàn-huà hām tsuân-kiû piàn luán (變暖) ê gián-kiù tang-tiong. Pí-jû, Au-tsiu phû-tô siu-hi̍k ê phû-tô tsai-puê kì-lio̍k í-king hông iōng-teh tiông-kiàn 500 guā nî-tsîng hā-kuì (夏季) sing-tióng kuì-tsiat un-tōo ê kì-lio̍k.^[3]^[4] Tû-liáu the̍h-kióng pí gî-khì tshik-liông koh-khah tn̂g ê li̍k-sú ki-suànn í-guā, bu̍t-hāu kuan-tshik iah-koh the̍h-kióng kap tsuân-kiû piàn luán siong-kuan ê tong-ûn piàn-huà ê ko sî-kan hun-piān lu̍t.^[5]^[6]

Tsù-kái[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

↑ Monahan, William B.; Rosemartin, Alyssa; Gerst, Katharine L.; Fisichelli, Nicholas A.; Ault, Toby; Schwartz, Mark D.; Gross, John E.; Weltzin, Jake F. (2016). "Climate change is advancing spring onset across the U.S. National park system". Ecosphere. 7 (10): e01465. doi:10.1002/ecs2.1465.
↑ "Phenology". Merriam-Webster. 2020.
↑ Meier, Nicole (2007). "Grape Harvest Records as a Proxy for Swiss April to August Temperature Reconstructions" (PDF). Diplomarbeit der Philosophisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Bern (Thesis of Philosophy and Science Faculty of the University of Bern). goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 2008-12-17 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-12-25 khòaⁿ--ê. Phenological grape harvest observations in Switzerland over the last 500 years have been used as a proxy indicator for reconstructing past temperature variability.
↑ Meier, N.; Rutishauser, T.; Luterbacher, J.; Pfister, C.; Wanner, H. (2007). "Grape Harvest Dates as a proxy for Swiss April to August Temperature Reconstructions back to AD 1480". Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (20): L20705. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3420705M. doi:10.1029/2007GL031381. goân-loē-iông tī 2012-09-29 hőng khó͘-pih. 2009-04-28 khòaⁿ--ê. Phenological grape harvest observations in Switzerland over the last 500 years have been used as a proxy indicator for reconstructing past temperature variability.
↑ Menzel, A.; Sparks, T.H.; Estrella, N.; Koch, E.; Aasa, A.; Ahas, R.; Alm-kübler, K.; Bissolli, P.; Braslavská, O.; Briede, A.; et al. (2006). "European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern". Global Change Biology. 12 (10): 1969–1976. Bibcode:2006GCBio..12.1969M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x. One of the preferred indicators is phenology, the science of natural recurring events, as their recorded dates provide a high-temporal resolution of ongoing changes.
↑ Schwartz, M. D.; Ahas, R.; Aasa, A. (2006). "Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere". Global Change Biology. 12 (2): 343–351. Bibcode:2006GCBio..12..343S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x. SI first leaf dates, measuring change in the start of ‘early spring’ (roughly the time of shrub budburst and lawn first greening), are getting earlier in nearly all parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The average rate of change over the 1955–2002 period is approximately -1.2 days per decade.

Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Demarée, Gaston R; Rutishauser, This (2011). "From "Periodical Observations" to "Anthochronology" and "Phenology" – the scientific debate between Adolphe Quetelet and Charles Morren on the origin of the word "Phenology"" (PDF). International Journal of Biometeorology. 55 (6): 753–761. Bibcode:2011IJBm...55..753D. doi:10.1007/s00484-011-0442-5. PMID 21713602. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 2020-12-04 hőng khó͘-pih. 2018-11-20 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-ua̍t[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Citizen science
Nature Detectives
Season creep
Growing degree-day
Biological life cycle

Guā-pōo liân-kia[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

North American Bird Phenology Program Citizen science program to digitize bird phenology records
Project Budburst Citizen Science for Plant Phenology in the USA
USA National Phenology Network Citizen science and research network observations on phenology in the USA
AMC's Mountain Watch Archived 2016-04-14 at the Wayback Machine. Citizen science and phenology monitoring in the Appalachian mountains
Pan European Phenology Project PEP725 European open access database with plant phenology data sets for science, research and education
UK Nature's Calendar UK Phenology network
DWD phenology website Information on the plant phenological network operated by Germany's national meteorological service (DWD)
Nature's Calendar Ireland Archived 2021-01-28 at the Wayback Machine. Spring Watch & Autumn Watch
Naturewatch: A Canadian Phenology project
Spring Alive Project Phenological survey on birds for children
Moj Popek Citizen Science for Plant Phenology in Slovenia
Observatoire des Saisons French Phenology network
Phenology Video produced by Wisconsin Public Television
Austrian phenological network run by ZAMG

[1] Monahan, William B.; Rosemartin, Alyssa; Gerst, Katharine L.; Fisichelli, Nicholas A.; Ault, Toby; Schwartz, Mark D.; Gross, John E.; Weltzin, Jake F. (2016). "Climate change is advancing spring onset across the U.S. National park system". Ecosphere. 7 (10): e01465. doi:10.1002/ecs2.1465.

[2] "Phenology". Merriam-Webster. 2020.

[Meier2007a-3] Meier, Nicole (2007). "Grape Harvest Records as a Proxy for Swiss April to August Temperature Reconstructions" (PDF). Diplomarbeit der Philosophisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Bern (Thesis of Philosophy and Science Faculty of the University of Bern). goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 2008-12-17 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-12-25 khòaⁿ--ê. Phenological grape harvest observations in Switzerland over the last 500 years have been used as a proxy indicator for reconstructing past temperature variability.

[Meier2007b-4] Meier, N.; Rutishauser, T.; Luterbacher, J.; Pfister, C.; Wanner, H. (2007). "Grape Harvest Dates as a proxy for Swiss April to August Temperature Reconstructions back to AD 1480". Geophysical Research Letters. 34 (20): L20705. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3420705M. doi:10.1029/2007GL031381. goân-loē-iông tī 2012-09-29 hőng khó͘-pih. 2009-04-28 khòaⁿ--ê. Phenological grape harvest observations in Switzerland over the last 500 years have been used as a proxy indicator for reconstructing past temperature variability.

[Menzel2006-5] Menzel, A.; Sparks, T.H.; Estrella, N.; Koch, E.; Aasa, A.; Ahas, R.; Alm-kübler, K.; Bissolli, P.; Braslavská, O.; Briede, A.; et al. (2006). "European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern". Global Change Biology. 12 (10): 1969–1976. Bibcode:2006GCBio..12.1969M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x. One of the preferred indicators is phenology, the science of natural recurring events, as their recorded dates provide a high-temporal resolution of ongoing changes.

[6] Schwartz, M. D.; Ahas, R.; Aasa, A. (2006). "Onset of spring starting earlier across the Northern Hemisphere". Global Change Biology. 12 (2): 343–351. Bibcode:2006GCBio..12..343S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01097.x. SI first leaf dates, measuring change in the start of ‘early spring’ (roughly the time of shrub budburst and lawn first greening), are getting earlier in nearly all parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The average rate of change over the 1955–2002 period is approximately -1.2 days per decade.

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