ISO 15919

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ISO 15919 (Huān-bûn hām siong-kuan ê Bhārat (Ìn-tōo) bûn-jī tsuán-siá tsò Lating jī-hû) sī Kok-tsè piaut-su-huà tsoo-tsit (International Organization for Standardization) tsè-tīng ê it hē-lia̍t Lating-huà kok-tsè piau-tsún tsi-it. ISO 15919 tī 2001-nî tshut-pán, sú-iōng piàn-im hû-hō kā Brahmic-gú hām Nastaliq-gú bûn-pún tang-tiong koh-khah tuā ê hú-im tsi̍p hām guân-im tsi̍p ìng-siā kàu Lating-gú bûn-pún.

Kài-su̍t[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

ISO 15919 im-i̍k
ISO 7-bit
ISO 		Devanagari Bengali–Assamese Gujarati Gurmukhi Kannada Malayalam Nastaliq Odia Sinhala Tamil Telugu
a a अ অ અ ਅ ಅ അ اَ‬ ଅ අ அ అ
ā aa आ আ આ ਆ ಆ ആ آ‬ ଆ ආ ஆ ఆ
æ ae ඇ
ǣ aee ඈ
i i इ ই ઇ ਇ ಇ ഇ اِ‬ ଇ ඉ இ ఇ
ī ii ई ঈ ઈ ਈ ಈ ഈ اِی‬ ଈ ඊ ஈ ఈ
u u उ উ ઉ ਉ ಉ ഉ اُ‬ ଉ උ உ ఉ
ū uu ऊ ঊ ઊ ਊ ಊ ഊ اُو‬ ଊ ඌ ஊ ఊ
ŭ ^u ् ്
r̥ ,r ऋ ঋ ઋ ಋ ഋ ଋ ඍ ఋ
r̥̄ ,rr ॠ ৠ ૠ ೠ ൠ ୠ ඎ ౠ
l̥ ,l ऌ ঌ ઌ ಌ ഌ ଌ ඏ ఌ
l̥̄ ,ll ॡ ৡ ૡ ೡ ൡ ୡ ඐ ౡ
e e ऎ ಎ എ එ எ ఎ
ē ee ए এ એ ਏ ಏ ഏ اے‬ ଏ ඒ ஏ ఏ
ê ^e ॲ, ऍ ઍ
ai ai ऐ ঐ ઐ ਐ ಐ ഐ اَے‬ ଐ ඓ ஐ ఐ
o o ऒ ಒ ഒ ඔ ஒ ఒ
ō oo ओ ও ઓ ਓ ಓ ഓ او‬ ଓ ඕ ஓ ఓ
ô ^o ऑ ઑ
au au औ ঔ ઔ ਔ ಔ ഔ اَو‬ ଔ ඖ ஔ ఔ
ṁ ;m ं ং ં ਂ ಂ ം ں‬ ଂ ං ஂ ం
ṃ .m ੰ
m̐ ~m ँ ঁ ઁ ਁ ں‬ ଁ ఀ
n̆ ^n ఁ
ḥ .h ः ঃ ઃ ਃ ಃ ഃ ہ‬ ଃ ඃ ః
ẖ _h ᳵ ೱ
ḫ ^h ᳶ ೲ
ḵ _k ஃ
k k क ক ક ਕ ಕ ക ک‬ କ ක க క
kh kh ख খ ખ ਖ ಖ ഖ کھ‬ ଖ ඛ ఖ
g g ग গ ગ ਗ ಗ ഗ گ‬ ଗ ග గ
gh gh घ ঘ ઘ ਘ ಘ ഘ گھ‬ ଘ ඝ ఘ
ṅ ;n ङ ঙ ઙ ਙ ಙ ങ ن٘‬ ଙ ඞ ங ఙ
n̆g ^ng ඟ
c c च চ ચ ਚ ಚ ച چ‬ ଚ ච ச చ
ĉ ^c ౘ
ch ch छ ছ છ ਛ ಛ ഛ چھ‬ ଛ ඡ ఛ
j j ज জ જ ਜ ಜ ജ ج‬ ଜ ජ ஜ జ
jh jh झ ঝ ઝ ਝ ಝ ഝ جھ‬ ଝ ඣ ఝ
ñ ~n ञ ঞ ઞ ਞ ಞ ഞ ڃ‬ ଞ ඤ ஞ ఞ
n̆j ^nj ඦ
ṭ .t ट ট ટ ਟ ಟ ട ٹ‬ ଟ ට ட ట
ṭh .th ठ ঠ ઠ ਠ ಠ ഠ ٹھ‬ ଠ ඨ ఠ
ḍ .d ड ড ડ ਡ ಡ ഡ ڈ‬ ଡ ඩ డ
ḍh .dh ढ ঢ ઢ ਢ ಢ ഢ ڈھ‬ ଢ ඪ ఢ
ṛ .r ड़ ড় ੜ ڑ‬ ଡ଼
ṛh .rh ढ़ ঢ় ڑھ‬ ଢ଼
ṇ .n ण ণ ણ ਣ ಣ ണ ݨ‬ ଣ ණ ண ణ
n̆ḍ ^n.d ඬ
t t त ত ત ਤ ತ ത ت‬ ତ ත த త
th th थ থ થ ਥ ಥ ഥ تھ‬ ଥ ථ థ
d d द দ દ ਦ ದ ദ د‬ ଦ ද ద
dh dh ध ধ ધ ਧ ಧ ധ دھ‬ ଧ ධ ధ
n n न ন ન ਨ ನ ന ن‬ ନ න ந న
n̆d ^nd ඳ
p p प প પ ਪ ಪ പ پ‬ ପ ප ப ప
ph ph फ ফ ફ ਫ ಫ ഫ پھ‬ ଫ ඵ ఫ
b b ब ব બ ਬ ಬ ബ ب‬ ବ බ బ
bh bh भ ভ ભ ਭ ಭ ഭ بھ‬ ଭ භ భ
m m म ম મ ਮ ಮ മ م‬ ମ ම ம మ
m̆b ^mb ඹ
ṟ _r ऱ ಱ റ ற ఱ
ṯ _t ഺ
ṉ _n ऩ ഩ ன
ḻ _l ऴ ೞ ഴ ழ ఴ
y y य য ય ਯ ಯ യ ی‬ ଯ ය ய య
ẏ ;y य़ য় ୟ
r r र র, ৰ ર ਰ ರ ര ر‬ ର ර ர ర
r̆ ^r र्‍
l l ल ল લ ਲ ಲ ല ل‬ ଲ ල ல ల
ḷ .l ळ ળ ਲ਼ ಳ ള ଳ ළ ள ళ
v v व ৱ વ ਵ ವ വ و‬ ଵ ව வ వ
ś ;s श শ શ ਸ਼ ಶ ശ ش‬ ଶ ශ ஶ శ
ṣ .s ष ষ ષ ಷ ഷ ଷ ෂ ஷ ష
s s स স સ ਸ ಸ സ س‬ ସ ස ஸ స
h h ह হ હ ਹ ಹ ഹ ہ‬ ହ හ ஹ హ
ʼ ' ऽ ঽ ઽ ಽ ഽ ଽ ఽ
q q क़ ক় ક઼ ਕ਼ ق‬
k͟h _kh ख़ খ় ખ઼ ਖ਼ خ‬
ġ .g ग़ গ় ગ઼ ਗ਼ غ‬
z z ज़ জ় જ઼ ਜ਼ ಜ಼ ز‬ ౙ
f f फ़ ফ় ફ઼ ਫ਼ ಫ಼ ف‬ ෆ
s̱ _s थ़ ث‬
s̤ ,s स़ ص‬
h̤ ,h ह़ ح‬
t̤ ,t त़ ط‬
ʻ . ع‬
w w و‬ ୱ
ž ^z झ़ ژ‬
ẕ _z ذ‬
ż ;z ض‬
ẓ .z ظ‬

Kah kî-thann hē-thóng ê kuan-hē[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

ISO 15919 sī kuan-î tsiânn-tsē Brahmic bûn-jī latin-huà ê kok-tsè piau-tsún; iû 157-ê kok-ka ê kok-ka piau-tsún ki-kòo bāng-lōo tī 2001-nî ta̍t-sîng it-tì. Put-jî-kò, Hunterian im-i̍k hē-thóng sī "Ìntōo Brahmic bûn-jī ê kok-ka latin-huà hē-thóng" kap Liân-ha̍p kok tsuan-ka kûn-tsoo tsū ISO 15919 tsí-tshut, "bô tsìng-kì piáu-bîng tsit-ê hē-thóng teh Ìn-tōo hi̍k-tsiá kok-tsè tsè-tôo sán-phín tang-tiong sú-iōng."[1][2][3]

Līng-guā tsi̍t-ê piau-tsún tō sī liân-ha̍pkok tē-miâ latin-huà hē-thóng (UNRSGN), iû liân-ha̍p kok tē-miâ tsuan-ka kûn-tsoo (UNGEGN)[4] tsè-tīng, hâm-kài tsiânn-tsē Brahmic bûn-jī.

ALA-LC latin-huà king-kuè Bí-kok kok-huē tôo-su-kuán hām Bí-kok kok-huē tôo-su-kuán hia̍p-huē, sī Bí-kok piau-tsún. Kok-tsè huān-bûn im-i̍k jī-bió (IAST) m̄ sī tsi̍t-ê piau-tsún (in-uī bô kui-huān), khak-sī Au-tsiu uī-tio̍h Huān-bûn im-i̍k, khak m̄ sī Brahmickhak bûn-jī tsuán-lio̍k tsè-tīng ê kuàn-lē.

Ū tsi̍t-ê bîng-hián ê khu-pia̍t tio̍h-sī, nn̄g-ê kok-tsè piau-tsún ISO 15919 hām UNRSGN[5] kā anusvara im-i̍k uî, iah-koh ALA-LC hām IAST sú-iōng ṃ. M̄-koh, ISO 15919 the̍h-kiong siau-tû kok-tsióng kong-bûn (肛門) phīnn-huà (pí-jû tûn phīnn-huà (唇鼻化) hām gê-khí phīnn-huà (牙齒鼻化)) tsi-kan ê kî-gī ê tsí-tō, jû hā-piáu sóo piáu-sī.

Kah IAST [en] hām Liân-ha̍p kok tē-miâ lating-huà hē-thóng [en] ê pí-kàu[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Ē-kha ê jī-bió im-piáu hián-sī ISO 15919, IAST kap UNRSGN[5] teh Huān-bûn im-i̍k hong-bīn ê tsha-ī.

Devanagari ISO 15919 IAST UNRSGN Phîng-lūn
ए / े ē e e To distinguish between long and short 'e' in Dravidian languages, 'e' now represents ऎ / ॆ (short). Note that the use of ē is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using e for ए (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short e.
ओ / ो ō o o To distinguish between long and short 'o' in Dravidian languages, 'o' now represents ऒ / ॊ (short). Note that the use of ō is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using o for ओ (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short o.
ऋ / ृ r̥ ṛ ṛ In ISO 15919, ṛ is used to represent ड़.
ॠ / ॄ r̥̄ ṝ ṝ For consistency with r̥
ऌ / ॢ l̥ ḷ l̤ In ISO 15919, ḷ is used to represent ळ.
ॡ / ॣ l̥̄ ḹ l̤̄ For consistency with l̥
◌ं ṁ ṃ ṁ ISO 15919 has two options about anusvāra. (1) In the simplified nasalization option, an anusvāra is always transliterated as ṁ. (2) In the strict nasalization option, anusvāra before a class consonant is transliterated as the class nasal—ṅ before k, kh, g, gh, ṅ; ñ before c, ch, j, jh, ñ; ṇ before ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ; n before t, th, d, dh, n; m before p, ph, b, bh, m. ṃ is sometimes used to specifically represent the Gurmukhi tippi ੰ.
ṅ ñ ṇ n m
◌ँ m̐ m̐ Vowel nasalization is transliterated as a tilde above the transliterated vowel (over the second vowel in the case of a digraph such as aĩ, aũ), except in Sanskrit.

Jī-thé tsi-tshî[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Kin-kì tsit-ê piau-tsún, kan-na ū tsi̍t-kuá-á jī-thé tsi-tshî Ìntōo-gú bûn-pún im-i̍k ê sóo-ū latin Unicode jī-hû. Pí-jû, Tahoma tsi-tshî tsha-put-to sóo-ū su-iàu ê jī-hû. Microsoft Office 2007 í-ki̍p koh-khah kuân ê pán-pún hū-tài ê Arial hām Times New Roman ê jī-thé pau iah-koh tsi-tshî tāi-to-sòo latin-gú khok-tián hū-ka jī-hû, pí-jû ḑ、ḥ、ḷ、ḻ、ṁ、ṅ、ṇ、ṛ、ṣ kap ṭ.

ISO 15919 ê su-ji̍p bô piau-tsún khí-pòo ê pòo-kio̍k; m̄-koh ū tsiânn-tsē hē-thóng the̍h-kiong tsi̍t-tsióng ti̍t-kuan ê suán-ti̍k Unicode jī-hû ê hông-huat. ISO/IEC 14755 kā tsit-khuán kiò-tsò îng-bōo suán-ti̍kê ê su-ji̍p hong-huat.

Tsù-kái[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

  1. ↑ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007), Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names, United Nations Publications, 2007, ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5, ... ISO 15919 ... There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ... The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ... 
  2. ↑ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1955), United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2, United Nations, 1955, ... In India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ... 
  3. ↑ National Library (India) (1960), Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960, ... The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ... 
  4. ↑ "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems". www.eki.ee. 2017-02-14 khòaⁿ--ê. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Differences between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN". Working group on Romanization systems. www.eki.ee/wgrs/. March 2016. 13 February 2017 khòaⁿ--ê. 

Tsham-ua̍t[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

  • National Library at Kolkata romanisation
  • International Alphabet of Sanskrit
  • Transliteration (IAST)

Guā-pōo liân-kiat[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Lâi-goân: "https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISO_15919&oldid=3186382"