Opera

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Koan-hē tiān-náu nńg-thé chhiáⁿ-koàn Opera (liû-lám-khì) chit-phiⁿ, kî-tha ì-sù chham-khó Opera (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h).

Opera ("Ó͘-phē-là", "koa-ke̍k") sī iōng im-ga̍k lâi liân-koàn ah-sī í im-ga̍k ûi-chú ê bú-tâi chok-phín, sī chi̍t khoán koa-kio̍k. Ó͘-phē-là tī chha-put-to se-gôan 1600 nî ê sî-chūn tī-leh Italia ê Firenze, pēng-chhiáⁿ tī 17 sè-kí bóe tī Italia tē-khu liû-hêng. Kàu 18 sè-kí tiong tō thôan-pò· kàu tōa-pō·-hūn ê Se-au tē-khu.

Le̍k-sú[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Khí-gôan[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Ó͘-phē-là ê gôan-thâu ē-ēng tui-sok-kàu kó·-chá sî-tāi Hi-lia̍p ê pi-kio̍k; nā-sī m̄-kóan Hi-lia̍p pi-kio̍k kah chha-put-to se-gôan 900 nî-tāi tī-leh Au-chiu ián-chhut ê Liturgical Drama, tio̍h bô-hoat-tō· lâi thàm-thó ó·-phē-là ê le̍k-sú. Tī-leh hit-tang-chūn ê chit-khóan "Liturgical Drama" sī í to̍k-chhiùⁿ, ha̍p-chhiùⁿ kah kán-tan ê khì-ga̍k phōaⁿ-chàu kò·-sêng ê. Chia-ê hì-kio̍k ùi 1200 nî kàu 1300 nî hoat-tián pìⁿ-chò "Miracle" tī-leh Au-chiu sì-kè liû-thôan; kòe bô-gōa-kú, tī-leh ó·-phē-là ê tàn-seng-tē, Italia, mā iōng "Mystery" ê miâ lâi ián-chhut, piàn-chò ó·-phē-là kah Oratorio ê sian-chó·. Chia-ê hì-kio̍k lóng-sī tī-leh kàu-hōe lāi sán-seng, it-ti̍t kàu chha-put-to 1400 nî chiah kai-sí kàu kàu-tn̂g í-gōa ê só·-chāi chò ián-chhut.

Tàn-seng[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Im-ga̍k kah tiûⁿ-kéng kiat-ha̍p ián-chhut ê chiat-bo̍k, tī-leh Renaissance sî-kî ê Italia, khai-sí chhut-hiān kok-chióng ê kó-lêng-sèng. Tī-leh Mantova ê Gonzaga hú-tē kah Vicenza chiah-ê só·-chāi, lóng-ū ián kòe Pastorale kah Intermedio ê kì-chài; chit-kî-tiong siōng-tiōng-iàu ê chi̍p-hōe só·-chāi chiū-sī Firenze ê Medici hú-tē. Kàu kin-á-ji̍t sui-jiân mā-sī ū chiok chōe bô-kâng ê lūn-tiāu, m̄-koh it-poaⁿ lóng-sī kā í Giovanni de' Bardi chò tiong-sim ê Camerata jîn-sū, í ho̍k-heng kó· Hi-lia̍p hì-kio̍k ūi bo̍k-piau só· chhòng-chō chhut-lâi ê chok-phín, tòng-chò sī siōng kó·-chá ê ó·-phē-là, iā-sī ó·-phē-là ê tàn-seng. In-ūi siōng kó·-chá ê Jacopo Corsi kah Jacopo Peri téng-téng lâng chhòng-chok ê Dafne í-keng sit-thôan ah, chū-án-ne, Jacopo Peri ê Euridice tio̍h bìⁿ-chò hiān-chú-sî iáu-koh pó-chûn ū ôan-chéng ga̍k-phó· ê siōng kó·-chá ê ó·-phē-là. Giulio Caccini kah Emilio de' Cavalieri téng-téng āu-lâi ê tiōng-iàu ê chok-khek-ka, lóng bat chham-ka chit-ê chok-phín ê ián-chhut.

1607 nî tī Mantova thâu-chi̍t-pái ián-chhut ê Monteverdi ê L'Orfeo sī lēng-gōa chi̍t-chhut tiōng-iàu ê chok-pín. Che mā-sī ó·-phē-là le̍k-sú siōng tē-it-ê kia̍t-chok. Ūi Peri kàu Monteverdi ê tōa chìn-pō· kan-nā keng-kòe chhit-nî chiah té ê sî-kan, tī-leh ó·-phē-là le̍k-sú siōng sī tiōng-iàu ê chìn-hòa. Monteverdi ī tī-leh tē-jī-nî iū-koh ôan-sêng L'Arianna, bóan-sòe mā ôan-sêng ūi-tio̍h Venezia ê San Cassiano ke̍k-īⁿ só· chò ê Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria kah L'incoronazione di Poppea téng-téng kia̍t-chok.

Hoat-tián -- Kàu 18 sè-kí ûi-chí[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Ó·-phē-là tī Firenze tàn-seng, tī Mantova hoat-tián, mān-mān-á tī kui-ê Italia liû-thôan. Tī chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan lāi-bīn, VeneziaBolognia, Roma chit-kóa só·-chāi ê tē-ūi koh-khah tiōng-iàu. Venezia1637 nî í-keng ū sêng-li̍p ū bē phiò ê kong-chiòng ó·-phē-là háu-sù. Ùi Monteverdi ê ó·-phē-là khai-sí, kàu 1700 nî ûi-chí, hit-ê ó·-phē-là háu-sù í-keng ián kòe 400 chhut í-siōng ê ó·-phē-là.

Kàu 18 sè-kí, ó·-phē-là ê tiong-sim chóan-kàu Naples, pēng-chhiá chhut-hian Allesandro Scarlatti kap G. B. Pergolesi téng-téng ê chhut-kioh chok-khek-ka. Chit-ê sî-kî í Pietro Metastasio thê-chhióng ê ó·-phē-là seria chok-khek-hoat kap khip-siu intermedio hong-keh ê ó·-phē-là buffa ûi-chú. Kî-tiong Pergolesi ê La Serva Padrona sī ó·-phē-là buffa ê tāi-piáu chok-phín. Chit-chhut ó·-phē-là í intermezzo ê hong-sek kap i ê 3-bō· ó·-phē-là seria Il Prigionier superbo kiōng-tông siú-ián. Chit-ê sî-kî ê chok-khek-hoat siōng-kài ē-ta̍t-tit chú-ì ê tio̍h-sī da capo aria ê soe-ōng. Da capo aria tio̍h sī A-B-A hêng-sek ê aria, tiong-kan ū chū-iû chit-hèng ê chng-thāⁿ. Thiaⁿ-chiòng tùi bêng-jîn chit-hèng ê hí-ài, kap tùi kek-chok-phín gē-su̍t ê tiōng-sī, chit-chióng hèng-chhù ê chóan-piàn tio̍h sī hoat-seng chit-ê hiān-siōng ê gôan-in só·-chāi. Chit-khóan tian-tò-péng ê hèng-chhù āu-lâi mā it-tit éng-hióng tio̍h ó·-phē-là ê hoat-tián.

19 sè-kí ê Italia[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Gaetano Donizetti sī 19 sè-kí chá-kî Italia opera ê tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t, i kap Gioacchino Rossini, Mercadante, koh ū Pacini, chhú-chhî liáu 19 sè-kí chêng pòaⁿ tōaⁿ ê opera hoat-tián. In hoat-tián liáu bel canto (ì-sù: Bí-lē ê chhiùⁿ-koa) lūi-hêng ê opera[1].

19 sè-kí ê Hoat-kok[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Ùi 19 sè-kí chêng pòaⁿ kî, sin Lô-bān-chú-gī ūn-tōng ê pōe-kéng ē-té, ka-chhiūⁿ Āu-Napoléon sî-tāi (Napoléon 1-sè sit-sè liáu-āu) ê siā-hōe kap chèng-tī tùi sin sè-kài tia̍t-sū ê tui-kiû chi hā, sán-seng liáu "Tōa Koa-kio̍k" (grand opera) ê Opera hêng-sek[2].

19 sè-kí ê Tek-kok[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Tek-kok ê Lô-bān-chú-gī ùi Opera-kài hoat-tián chhut phian-hiòng tāi-chiòng hêng-sek ê kok-bîn bûn-hòa, piáu-hiān in bûn-hòa ê cheng-sîn, kî-tiong tāi-piáu-chiá sī Carl Maria von Weber[3].

19 sè-kí kàu 20 sè-kí[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Hoat-kok ê Claude Debussy sǹg sī siāng bóe chi̍t ūi sio̍k-í Lô-bān-chú-gī ūn-tōng ê chok-khek-ka, i î-it ê opera chok-phín sī 1902 nî ê Pelléas et Mélisande. I sin khoán ê im-ga̍k hêng-sek hong chheng-chò sī Ìn-siōng-phài, che sī tùi hit chūn kōe-ōe gē-su̍t ūn-tōng hō--lâi-ê[4].

Tang-au kah kî-thaⁿ ê kok-ka[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Pian-chi̍p tiong Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.

Operetta ê hoat-tián[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Pian-chi̍p tiong Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.

Chióng-lūi kán-kài[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Tī-leh Italia, ó·-phē-là bô-lūn sī chèng-thóng-kio̍k ah-sī hí-kio̍k, it-poaⁿ lâi kóng chéng chhut hì lóng sī iōng chhiùⁿ-koa ê hong-sek lâi piáu-hiān. Lēng-gōa tī-leh Se-au ê kî-thaⁿ chi̍t-kóa só·-chāi sī hoat-tián chhut-lâi chhiùⁿ-koa kah tâi-sû kau-thè chìn-hêng ê lūi-hêng.

Opera seria[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Opera seria

Opera seria sī Italia-gí ēng-gí, chí chun-kùi jî-chhiá kha toan-chong hong-keh ê Italia opera. Pún khoán koa-kio̍k tī 1710 nî-tāi kài tāi-khāi 1770 nî chó-iū ùi Au-chiu sī chú-liû.

Opera buffa[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Opera buffa

Opera buffa sī Italia chi̍t khoán chhù-bī-sèng ê opera.

Singspiel[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Singspiel

Singspiel jī-bīn ê ì-sù sī "chhiùⁿ-hì", sī Tek-gí ê koa-kio̍k chi̍t khoán, mā hông sǹg chò sī opera chi̍t chióng.

Grand opera[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Grand opera

Grand opera sī chi̍t khoán tōa-hêng ê opera, chù-tiōng chhia-hoa ê bú-tâi hāu-kó kap siat-kè.

Music Drama[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Pian-chi̍p tiong Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.

Operetta[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Siông-sè chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ: Operetta

Operetta sī put-koán tī im-ga̍k ia̍h sī bu̍t-chit an-pâi lóng khah khin-khó ê opera hêng-sek.

Kî-thaⁿ[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Pian-chi̍p tiong Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.

Lāi-iông kò·-chō[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Pian-chi̍p tiong Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.

Piáu-hiān chhiú-hoat[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Pian-chi̍p tiong Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.

Kok-chióng ê im-sek[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Pian-chi̍p tiong Chit pha iáu-bōe ū lâng siá. Chhiáⁿ tàu pó͘-chhiong lōe-iông.

Chham-khó[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

  • Fisher, Burton D., pian. (2002). A History of Opera: Milestones and Metamorphoses. Opera Classics Library. ISBN 978-1930841819. 

Chù-kha[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

  1. Fisher 2002, p. 129
  2. Fisher 2002, p. 148
  3. Fisher 2002, p. 78
  4. Fisher 2002, pp. 342—343