Pang-bô͘:Hunluihethong
| Linnaeus 1735 2 kài |
Haeckel 1866[1] 3 kài |
Chatton 1937[2] 2 empires |
Copeland 1956[3] 4 kài |
Whittaker 1969[4] 5 kài |
Woese et al. 1977[5] 6 kài |
Woese et al. 1990[6] 3 he̍k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (not treated) | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Eubacteria | Bacteria |
| Archaebacteria | Archaea | |||||
| Eukaryota | Protista | Protista | Protista | Eukarya | ||
| Vegetabilia | Plantae | Fungi | Fungi | |||
| Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | ||||
| Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia |
- Note: Some of these references are shared with Kingdom (biology) and with Monera. Try to keep these in sync.
- ↑ E. Haeckel (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
- ↑ E. Chatton (1937). Titres et travaux scientifiques. Sette, Sottano, Italy.
- ↑ H. F. Copeland (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books.
- ↑ R. H. Whittaker (1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science. 163: 150–160.
- ↑ C. R. Woese, W. E. Balch, L. J. Magrum, G. E. Fox and R. S. Wolfe (1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 9: 305–311.
- ↑ Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87 (12): 4576–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMID 2112744.