Phīⁿ-hòa bió-im
| Phīñ-im-huà | |
|---|---|
| ◌̃ | |
| IPA pian-hō | 424 |
| pian-bé | |
| HTML bé cha̍p-chìn-ūi |
̃ |
| Unicode cha̍p-la̍k-chìn-ūi | U+0303 |
Phīñ-huà guân-im (phīñ-huà bó-im; puàñ phīñ-im, phīñ-khiuñ guân-im, guân-im phīñ-im-huà; ing-gú: nasal vowel) sī huat-im ê sî-tsūn khuì uì tshuì-khang kah phīñ-lak kāng sî-tsūn lâu-tshut ê guân-im (bó-im). kok-tsè im-piau hām phûtôgâ-gí lóng tshái-iōng pho-lōng-hû "~" /.svg){kind=small}
/ kǹg-teh guân-im jī-bó tíng-kuân lâi piau-sī phīñ-im-huà ê im-sòo.[1]
Sú-iōng gú-giân
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]I-hā ê gí-gên lóng-ū sú-iōng tio̍h phīñ-huà guân-im jī-bó.
- Abenaki-gí
- Acehnese-gí
- Albania-gí
- Assamese-gí
- Bengal-gí (nasalization is weak in Indian Bengali, and mostly absent in Bangladeshi Bengali)
- Béntēn-gí
- Breton-gí /ñ/, Rohingya-gí /ñ/ phīñ-huà guân-im /ñ/ iōng teh piáu-sī kā i thâu-tsîng ê guân-im tsiâñ-tsò phīñ-im-huà.
- Ēmn̂g-uē Lô Siông-puê Sin-sik" ê phīñ-huà guân-im [añ44][2].
- Pholân-gí lāi-té ê jī-bó /ę/ tō-sī í-king phīñ-im-huà ê [e].
- Rohingya-gí /ñ/ phīñ-huà guân-im /ñ/ iōng teh piáu-sī kā i thâu-tsîng ê guân-im tsiâñ-tsò phīñ-im-huà.
- Siōnghái-uē /dǎ (打)/ [tã34] hàn-jī ping-im jī-bó lāi-té ê [ã].
- Tâi-gí, teh Tâi-lô (ann/añ/aN) ê sú-iōng [sañ44] (three) hi̍k-tsiá [iañ44] (shadow) lāi-té ê jī-bó [ñ] kha kî-thañ tíng-tíng ê bân-lâm gí-gên, phīñ-huà guân-im /ñ/ iōng teh piáu-sī kā i thâu-tsîng ê guân-im /a/ tsiâñ-tsò phīñ-im-huà.
- Tn̂gsua-uē /chǎng (長)/ [tz̤̥ã13] hàn-jī ping-im jī-bó lāi-té ê [ã].
Tsù-kái
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- ↑ Бондарко Л. В. Гласные // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Главный редактор В. Н. Ярцева. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. — 685 с. — ISBN 5-85270-031-2. (Gô-gú)
- ↑ 羅常培(周辨明),"廈門音系--Phonetics and Phonology of the Amoy Dialect(及其音韻聲調之構造與性質)",祥生出版社,臺北市,1975年3月台一版. 內版台業字：第2164號. (Hàn-gí)
Tsham-khó bûn-hèn
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- Beddor, P. S. 1983. Phonological and phonetic effects of nasalization on vowel height (Eng-gí)
- Juliette Blevins (2004). Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. (Eng-gí)
- John Hajek, chapitre 10 [archive] « Vowel Nasalization » dans Martin Haspelmath (dir.), Matthew S. Dryer (dir.), David Gil (dir.) and Bernard Comrie (dir.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich, Max Planck Digital Library, 2011 (ISBN 978-3-9813099-1-1) (Eng-gí)
- Juliette Blevins (2004). Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. (Eng-gí)
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 134. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. (Eng-gí)
- The World Atlas of Language Structures Online – Chapter 10 – Vowel Nasalization (Eng-gí)
Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- de Medeiros, Beatriz Raposo. (2011). Nasal Coda and Vowel Nasality in Brazilian Portuguese. In S. M. Alvord (Ed.), Selected Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology (pp. 33-45). (Eng-gí)
- Hajek, John & Maeda, Shinji. (2000). Investigating Universals of Sound Change: the Effect of Vowel Height and Duration on the Development of Distinctive Nasalization. Papers in Laboratory Phonology V: Acquisition and the lexicon (pp. 52-69). (Eng-gí)
- Jeong, Sunwoo. (2012). Directional asymmetry in nasalization: Aperceptual account. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology, 18(3), 437-469. (Eng-gí)
- Michaud, A., Jacques, G., & Rankin, R. L. (2012). Historical transfer of nasality between consonantal onset and vowel: from C to V or from V to C? Diachronica, 29(2), 201-230. (Eng-gí)
- Sampson, Rodney. (1999). Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance. Oxford University Press. (Eng-gí)
Tsham-ua̍t
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- Cambridge University Press
- Oxford University Press
Guā-pōo lên-ket
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
- WALS Online - Chapter Vowel Nasalization (Eng-gí)
- les voyelles nasales /ã/, /ɛ̃/, /õ/ et /œ/ | Francais interactif (Eng-gí)
- French Nasal Vowels (Eng-gí)
- Nasal vowels | Hacking Portuguese (Eng-gí)