Tâi-oân-ōe
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Tâi-oân ōe (chāi lâi jī: 台員話), mā hō chò Tâi gí/gú, sī Tâi-oân lâng (Eng bûn: Taiwanese) ê cho̍k gí. Sī Hu-mó͘-sah (Eng bûn: Formosa) ê thong hêng ōe. 70+%--ê Hu-mó͘-sah lâng (Eng bûn: Formosan) ē hiáu sú iōng. Sī Ho̍h-ló ōe tī Hu-mó͘-sah ê thó͘ im.
Hō miâ[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
Tâi-oân lâng chū chheng cho̍k gí ê sî, lóng hō chò Tâi-oân ōe.
Ho̍h-ló ōe: [1][2] “Ho̍h-ló” ê gí goân khó lêng sī Kńg tang hē ê Kheh lâng á-sī Kńg-hú lâng tùi Tiô chiu kî tha cho̍k kûn ê chheng ho͘. Tī Hok-kiàn khah hán lâng chai.[3] Tī ha̍k su̍t kài it poaⁿ jīn ûi Tâi-oân ōe sǹg sī Ho̍h-ló ōe ê thó͘ im.
Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok ūi tio̍h táⁿ ap Tâi-oân ōe, tiāⁿ tiāⁿ sú iōng Bân Lâm gí (Chi-ná bûn: 閩南語) lâi chheng ho͘. Jî chhiáⁿ jīn ûi Bân Lâm gí sī Chi-ná ōe (Eng bûn: Chinese Mandarin) ê 1 khoán hong-giân.[2] [4] Án-ne chò bêng hián ū chèng tī bo̍k tek. Tâi-oân ōe kap Chi-ná ōe ê sú iōng chiá bô hoat tō͘ hō͘ siong liáu kái tùi hong ê ōe, ài sǹg sī bô kāng ōe gí chiah chèng khak. Bân Lâm gí kap Tâi-oân ōe ê koan hē, ū ha̍k chiá chú tiuⁿ ài khó lū chèng tī pian kài, kā khòaⁿ chò Tek kok ōe kap Hô-lân ōe ê koan hē.[2]
Khí-goân[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
Kīn-tai Tâi-oân ōe ê chú-liû khiuⁿ-kháu sī chi̍t khoán Chiang Choân lām, iā chiū sī goân-lâi tī Hu-mó͘-sah liû-thong--ê Chiang chiu ōe kap Choân chiu ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu--ê sán-bu̍t.[5] Tû-liáu Chiang/Choân ê lâi-goân, Tiô chiu ōe mā chiàm liáu chin chió hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô chiu hē ê jîn-kûn tī Hu-mó͘-sah ē-tàng kóng í-keng pun-sòaⁿ tī Tâi-oân lâng lāi-bīn.[6]
Kap Hok-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ ê Ho̍h-ló ōe khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân ōe khah chē tùi Ji̍t-pún ōe he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún ōe thoân ji̍p ê gōa-lâi gí.[7] Lēng-gōa koh ū chi̍t-kóa chāi-tē Lâm-tó ōe ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi Hô-lân[8] kap Tēⁿ--sī kiam Chheng-kok[9] thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê tan-jī kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, Tâi-gí tī gí-im kap Hàn-jī ho͘-im bûn-pe̍h soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa téng hong-bīn mā siū Chi-ná ōe éng-hióng.[10]
Gí-im[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
Chú-im[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
| Siang-tûn-im | Khí-gûn-im | Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im |
Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im | Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iú-seng | Bû-seng | Iú-seng | Bû-seng | Iú-seng | Bû-seng | Iú-seng | Bû-seng | ||||
| Phīⁿ-im | [m] m |
[n] n |
[ŋ] nng |
||||||||
| That-im | bû-khì | [p] p |
[b] b |
[t] t |
[k] k |
[g] g |
|||||
| iú-khì | [pʰ] ph |
[tʰ] th |
[kʰ] kh |
||||||||
| Sat-chhat-im | bû-khì | [ts] ch,ts |
[dz] j |
[tɕ] ch(i),ts(i) |
[dʑ] j(i) |
||||||
| iú-khì | [tsʰ] chh,tsh |
[tɕʰ] chh(i),tsh(i) |
|||||||||
| Bôa-chhat-im | [s] s |
[ɕ] si |
[h] h | ||||||||
| Piⁿ-im | [l] l |
||||||||||
| Siang-tûn-im | Khí-gûn-im | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phīⁿ-im | [m] -m |
[n] -n |
[ŋ] -ng |
[◌̃] -ⁿ,-N |
| Phòa-im | [p̚] -p |
[t̚] -t |
[k̚] -k |
[ʔ] -h |
- Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi /i/ thâu-chêng ē piàn khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im, ia̍h chiō sī kóng /dzi/, /tsi/, /tsʰi/, kap /si/ hông ho͘ chò [dʑi], [tɕi], [tɕʰi], kap [ɕi].
- Chú-im /dz/ ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò [z], tī /i/ thâu-chêng koh chò [ʑ].
- Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, Iú-siaⁿ phòa-im (/b/ kap /ɡ/) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ([β] kap [ɣ]).
Bó-im[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
| Chiân | Tiong-im | Āu-im | Im-chat chú-im | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral | Phīⁿ-im | Kháu | Kháu | Phīⁿ | ||||
| Ha̍p-im | [i] i |
[ĩ] iⁿ |
[u] u |
[ũ] uⁿ |
[m̩] m |
[ŋ̍] ng | ||
| Pòaⁿ-khui-im | [e] e |
[ẽ] eⁿ |
[ə], [o] o |
[ɔ] o͘ |
[ɔ̃] oⁿ | |||
| Khui-im | [a] a |
[ã] aⁿ |
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Bó-im ⟨o⟩ ū nn̄g khoán ho͘-im. Lâm-pō͘, chhiūⁿ Ko-hiông, Tâi-lâm téng só͘-chāi, chú-iàu ho͘ [ə] im; tī Tâi-pak chú-iàu ho͘ [o].
Chù-kái[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
Chham-chiàu[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
Su-chì[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
- Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016). Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders (ēng Eng-gí). Springer Singapore. ISBN 978-981-287-594-5.
Chù-kha[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
- ↑ Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn (2015). "Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan". 台語研究 (ēng Eng-gí). 7 (1).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 李勤岸 (2007 nî 5 goe̍h). "沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字". 台灣文學館通訊 (15).
- ↑ 洪惟仁 (2007 nî 5 goe̍h). "沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識". 台灣文學館通訊 (15).
- ↑ Ding 2016, Chapter 1. Introduction
- ↑ 洪惟仁 (2013). "臺灣的語種分佈與區劃". 人文與社會科學簡訊 (ēng Hôa-gí). 14 (2).
- ↑ Ding 2016, Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?
- ↑ 張玉萍 (2014). "1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞". 台語研究. 6 (2).
- ↑ 邱馨慧 (2013). "從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒". 臺灣史研究 (ēng Hôa-gí). 20 (1).
- ↑ 黃秀仍 & 曾春潮 (2006). "明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位". 遠東學報 (ēng Hôa-gí). 22 (2).
- ↑ 李淑鳳 (2010). "台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢". 台語研究. 2 (1).
Bāng liān-á[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]
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