Tâi-oân-ōe
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Tâi-oân-ōe (臺灣話), mā hō Tâi-gí (-gú) ia̍h Tâi-oân-gí (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī Tâi-oân liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê bú-gí. I sǹg sī khoah-khǹg ì-sù ê Bân-lâm-gí tang-tiong chi̍t khoán.
Hō-miâ[siu-kái | kái goân-sú-bé]
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;[1][2] "Hō-ló" chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng "Ho̍h-ló", khó-lêng ê gí-goân sī Kńg-tang-hē ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hán lâng chai.[3]
Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê jīn-sek lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, nā chiàu hit khoán lí-lō͘, mā thang ēng Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí lâi chí-miâ Tâi-oân-ōe. Chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá khah hán teh ēng "Bân-lâm-gí" chheng-ho͘ ka-tī teh kóng ê giân-gí. Lēng-gōa koh ū chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, "Tâi-oân-gí", "Tâi-gí" téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi piáu-sī kok khoán Tâi-oân ê giân-gí chéng-thé.
Tâi-gí ia̍h Bân-lâm-gí tī éng-pái tiāⁿ hông kóng sī Tiong-kok-ōe ê chi̍t khoán hong-giân.[2] M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (mutual unintelligibility), Bân-lâm-gí sī sǹg Hàn gí-cho̍k (Sinitic family; sio̍k Hàn-Chōng gí-hē chi̍t hūn) ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí.[4] Nā Bân-lâm-gí kap Tâi-gí ê koan-hē, mā ū ha̍k-chiá chú-tiuⁿ ài khó-lū in-ê chèng-tī pian-kài, kā khòaⁿ chò ná Tek-gí kap Hô-lân-gí ê koan-hē.[2]
Khí-goân[siu-kái | kái goân-sú-bé]
Kīn-taⁿ Tâi-oân-ōe ê chú-liû khiuⁿ-kháu, chú-iàu sī chi̍t khoán Chiang-choân-lām, ia̍h chiū sī goân-lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê Chiang-chiu-ōe kap Choân-chiu-ōe nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.[5] Tû-liáu Chiang-Choân ê lâi-goân, Tiô-chiu-ōe mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chiū-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng pun-sòaⁿ tī chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.[6]
Kap Hok-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha Bân-lâm-hē giân-gí khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē tùi Ji̍t-pún-ōe he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê gōa-lâi-gí,[7] lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chi̍t kóa chāi-tē Lâm-tó giân-gí ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi Hô-lân[8] kap Tēⁿ--sī kiam Chheng-kok[9] thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, Tâi-gí tī gí-im kap Hàn-jī ho͘-im bûn-pe̍h soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa téng hong-bīn mā siū Hôa-gí éng-hióng.[10]
Gí-im[siu-kái | kái goân-sú-bé]
Chú-im[siu-kái | kái goân-sú-bé]
| Siang-tûn-im | Khí-gûn-im | Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im |
Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im | Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iú-seng | Bû-seng | Iú-seng | Bû-seng | Iú-seng | Bû-seng | Iú-seng | Bû-seng | ||||
| Phīⁿ-im | [m] m |
[n] n |
[ŋ] nng |
||||||||
| That-im | bû-khì | [p] p |
[b] b |
[t] t |
[k] k |
[g] g |
|||||
| iú-khì | [pʰ] ph |
[tʰ] th |
[kʰ] kh |
||||||||
| Sat-chhat-im | bû-khì | [ts] ch,ts |
[dz] j |
[tɕ] ch(i),ts(i) |
[dʑ] j(i) |
||||||
| iú-khì | [tsʰ] chh,tsh |
[tɕʰ] chh(i),tsh(i) |
|||||||||
| Bôa-chhat-im | [s] s |
[ɕ] si |
[h] h | ||||||||
| Piⁿ-im | [l] l |
||||||||||
| Siang-tûn-im | Khí-gûn-im | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phīⁿ-im | [m] -m |
[n] -n |
[ŋ] -ng |
[◌̃] -ⁿ,-N |
| Phòa-im | [p̚] -p |
[t̚] -t |
[k̚] -k |
[ʔ] -h |
- Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi /i/ thâu-chêng ē piàn khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im, ia̍h chiō sī kóng /dzi/, /tsi/, /tsʰi/, kap /si/ hông ho͘ chò [dʑi], [tɕi], [tɕʰi], kap [ɕi].
- Chú-im /dz/ ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò [z], tī /i/ thâu-chêng koh chò [ʑ].
- Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, Iú-siaⁿ phòa-im (/b/ kap /ɡ/) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ([β] kap [ɣ]).
Bó-im[siu-kái | kái goân-sú-bé]
| Chiân | Tiong-im | Āu-im | Im-chat chú-im | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral | Phīⁿ-im | Kháu | Kháu | Phīⁿ | ||||
| Ha̍p-im | [i] i |
[ĩ] iⁿ |
[u] u |
[ũ] uⁿ |
[m̩] m |
[ŋ̍] ng | ||
| Pòaⁿ-khui-im | [e] e |
[ẽ] eⁿ |
[ə], [o] o |
[ɔ] o͘ |
[ɔ̃] oⁿ | |||
| Khui-im | [a] a |
[ã] aⁿ |
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Bó-im ⟨o⟩ ū nn̄g khoán ho͘-im. Lâm-pō͘ chhiūⁿ Ko-hiông Tâi-lâm téng só͘-chāi chú-iàu ho͘ [ə] im; tī Tâi-pak chú-iàu ho͘ [o].
Chù-kái[siu-kái | kái goân-sú-bé]
Chham-chiàu[siu-kái | kái goân-sú-bé]
Su-chì[siu-kái | kái goân-sú-bé]
- Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016). Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders (ēng Eng-gí). Springer Singapore. ISBN 978-981-287-594-5.
Chù-kha[siu-kái | kái goân-sú-bé]
- ↑ Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn (2015). "Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan". 台語研究 (ēng Eng-gí). 7 (1).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 李勤岸 (2007 nî 5 goe̍h). "沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字". 台灣文學館通訊 (15).
- ↑ 洪惟仁 (2007 nî 5 goe̍h). "沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識". 台灣文學館通訊 (15).
- ↑ Ding 2016, Chapter 1. Introduction
- ↑ 洪惟仁 (2013). "臺灣的語種分佈與區劃". 人文與社會科學簡訊 (ēng Hôa-gí). 14 (2).
- ↑ Ding 2016, Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?
- ↑ 張玉萍 (2014). "1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞". 台語研究. 6 (2).
- ↑ 邱馨慧 (2013). "從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒". 臺灣史研究 (ēng Hôa-gí). 20 (1).
- ↑ 黃秀仍 & 曾春潮 (2006). "明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位". 遠東學報 (ēng Hôa-gí). 22 (2).
- ↑ 李淑鳳 (2010). "台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢". 台語研究. 2 (1).
Liân-kiat[siu-kái | kái goân-sú-bé]
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