"Texas" pán-pún chi-kan bô-kāng--ê tē-hng
| Tē 12 chōa: | Tē 12 chōa: | ||
[[File:Nordamerikanische_Kulturareale_en.png|thumb|Khó-kó͘-ha̍k siōng tùi Pak Bí-chiu tī Au-chiu-lâng lâi kàu chìn-chêng ê bûn-hòa khu-hun.]] |
[[File:Nordamerikanische_Kulturareale_en.png|thumb|Khó-kó͘-ha̍k siōng tùi Pak Bí-chiu tī Au-chiu-lâng lâi kàu chìn-chêng ê bûn-hòa khu-hun.]] |
||
Tī [[ |
Tī [[Chêng-Columbus sî-tāi]] (Pre-Columbian era) ê [[Pak Bí-chiu]], Texas chit ūi sī Sai-lâm (Southwestern) kap Pêng-goân (Plains) nn̄g tōa bûn-hòa khu sio-chiap ê só͘-chāi. Chiàu khó-kó͘ gián-kiù, tī Au-chiu lâng lâi chìn-chêng, Texas ê tiong-se-pō͘ ū [[Pueblo]]; oa̍h tang-pêng ū [[Mississippi bûn-hòa]]; lēng-gōa koh ū [[Mesoamerica]] ê bûn-hòa tī lâm-pō͘ seng-oa̍h. |
||
Só͘ chai pat tī Texas lāi khiā-khí ê goân-chū-bîn pau-koat [[Alabama lâng|Alabama]], [[Apache]], [[Atakapan]], [[Bidai]], [[Caddo]], [[Coahuiltecan]], [[Comanche]], [[Choctaw]], [[Coushatta]], [[Hasinai]], [[Jumano]], [[Karankawa]], [[Kickapoo]], [[Kiowa]], [[Tonkawa]], kap [[Wichita]]. Au-chiu-lâng lâi ê sî, chia-ê cho̍k-kûn kap gōa-lâng chia̍p-chhio̍k ê hêng-sek ē-sài kóng ū 2 tōa khoán, chi̍t khoán sī pang-chō͘ lâng ha̍p-si̍p chāi-tē seng-oa̍h ê ki-sut, chi̍t khoán sī kap lâng sio-thâi. |
|||
1519 nî [[Se-pan-gâ]] thàm-hiám-ka [[Alonso Álvarez de Pineda]] ê [[Mexico Oan]] hái-hōaⁿ tē-tô͘ sī só͘-chai siāng chá |
1519 nî [[Se-pan-gâ]] thàm-hiám-ka [[Alonso Álvarez de Pineda]] ê [[Mexico Oan]] hái-hōaⁿ tē-tô͘ sī só͘-chai siāng chá iú-koan Texas ê le̍k-sú kì-lio̍k. Siāng-chá lâi kàu Texas ê Au-chiu-lâng sī [[Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca]], i tī 1528 nî pò-kò i-ê kiàn-bûn. Lēng-gōa [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado]] mā kì-lio̍k tī 1541 nî tú tio̍h [[Querechos]] kap [[Teyas]] nn̄g khoán chhī-gû ê bîn-cho̍k. |
||
1685 nî, goân-lâi be̍h tī [[Mississippi Hô]] khai-siat si̍t-bîn-tē ê [[René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle]], in-ūi kè-sǹg sit-gō͘, soah tī [[Matagorda Oan]] siat [[Fort Saint Louis]]. Chit-ê si̍t-bîn-tē siū hong-thó͘ éng-thióng kap goân-chū-bîn ê tó-ià, kòe 4 tang chio̍h sit-pāi. |
1685 nî, goân-lâi be̍h tī [[Mississippi Hô]] khai-siat si̍t-bîn-tē ê [[René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle]], in-ūi kè-sǹg sit-gō͘, soah tī [[Matagorda Oan]] siat [[Fort Saint Louis]]. Chit-ê si̍t-bîn-tē siū hong-thó͘ éng-thióng kap goân-chū-bîn ê tó-ià, kòe 4 tang chio̍h sit-pāi. |
||
2015-nî 11-goe̍h 10-ji̍t (pài-jī) 05:51 ê siu-tēng-pún
Texas sī Bí-kok ê chi̍t-ê chiu. Siú-hú sī Austin. Siāng toā ê siâⁿ-chhī sī Houston.
Tē-hō-miâ
"Texas" chit jī sī tùi Hasinai-lâng ê Caddo-gí ê táyshaʔ chio̍h--lâi, ì-sù sī "pêng-iú" he̍k-chiá "bêng-iú".
Tē-lí
Texas ê bīn-chek tī Bí-kok kok chiū lāi pâi tē-2, tī Alaska āu-piah, ū 696,200 pêng-hong kong-lí.
Le̍k-sú
Tī Chêng-Columbus sî-tāi (Pre-Columbian era) ê Pak Bí-chiu, Texas chit ūi sī Sai-lâm (Southwestern) kap Pêng-goân (Plains) nn̄g tōa bûn-hòa khu sio-chiap ê só͘-chāi. Chiàu khó-kó͘ gián-kiù, tī Au-chiu lâng lâi chìn-chêng, Texas ê tiong-se-pō͘ ū Pueblo; oa̍h tang-pêng ū Mississippi bûn-hòa; lēng-gōa koh ū Mesoamerica ê bûn-hòa tī lâm-pō͘ seng-oa̍h.
Só͘ chai pat tī Texas lāi khiā-khí ê goân-chū-bîn pau-koat Alabama, Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Coahuiltecan, Comanche, Choctaw, Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Tonkawa, kap Wichita. Au-chiu-lâng lâi ê sî, chia-ê cho̍k-kûn kap gōa-lâng chia̍p-chhio̍k ê hêng-sek ē-sài kóng ū 2 tōa khoán, chi̍t khoán sī pang-chō͘ lâng ha̍p-si̍p chāi-tē seng-oa̍h ê ki-sut, chi̍t khoán sī kap lâng sio-thâi.
1519 nî Se-pan-gâ thàm-hiám-ka Alonso Álvarez de Pineda ê Mexico Oan hái-hōaⁿ tē-tô͘ sī só͘-chai siāng chá iú-koan Texas ê le̍k-sú kì-lio̍k. Siāng-chá lâi kàu Texas ê Au-chiu-lâng sī Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, i tī 1528 nî pò-kò i-ê kiàn-bûn. Lēng-gōa Francisco Vázquez de Coronado mā kì-lio̍k tī 1541 nî tú tio̍h Querechos kap Teyas nn̄g khoán chhī-gû ê bîn-cho̍k.
1685 nî, goân-lâi be̍h tī Mississippi Hô khai-siat si̍t-bîn-tē ê René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle, in-ūi kè-sǹg sit-gō͘, soah tī Matagorda Oan siat Fort Saint Louis. Chit-ê si̍t-bîn-tē siū hong-thó͘ éng-thióng kap goân-chū-bîn ê tó-ià, kòe 4 tang chio̍h sit-pāi.
Se-pan-gâ tī 1690 nî, khai-sí kúi pái hiòng Texas tang-pō͘ ê soan-kàu oa̍h-tāng, m̄-koh siū chāi-tē goân-chū-bîn hoán-khòng, in āu-bóe tó-tńg Mexico. Āu-lâi, tī 1716 nî, tong Hoat-kok tī Louisiana hoat-tián ê sî, Se-pan-gâ koh têng-sin tùi Texas tang-pêng soan-kàu. 1718 nî, Texas siāng chá ê Se-pan-gâ-lâng khui-khún-tē San Antonio siat-li̍p.
1749 nî, Se-pan-gâ kap kap Lipan Apache lâng chhiam liáu hô-pêng tiâu-iok, che ín-khí kî-tha chāi-tē pō͘-lo̍k pau-koat Comanche, Tonkawa kap Hasinai ê put-boán. Āu-bóe Comanche mā chhām Se-pan-gâ tī 1785 nî chhiam-iok, liáu-āu koh pang-chō͘ Se-pan-gâ phah iâⁿ Lipan Apache kap Karankawa.
Siū tio̍h lú-lâi-lú chē ê soan-kàu éng-hióng, kàu 18 sè-kí bóe-kî tōa-hūn ê chāi-tē po͘-lo̍k lóng í-keng sìn-gióng Ki-tok-kàu.
Bí-kok tī 1803 nî hiòng Hoat-kok siu-bé Louisiana, liáu-āu in chú-tiuⁿ Texas mā sǹg chāi kau-e̍k lāi. 1819 nî, Sin Se-pan-gâ kap Bí-kok ê pian-kài khak-tēng siat ùi Sabine Hô. Chóng-sī chin chē Bí-kok khui-khún-chiá bô sêng-jīm chit hāng hia̍p-tēng, óa-ná kè-sio̍k hiòng Texas î-bîn. Kàu 1821 nî, Mexico to̍k-li̍p, kî-tiong Texas mā sī chi̍t hūn, siat ùi Coahuila y Tejas chiu ē-té.
Mexico hong-bīn mā khai-hòng hō͘ Bí-kok î-bîn hiòng Texas hoat-tián, in lī-ēng chi̍t khoán kiò empresario ê thâu-lâng, chio gōa-lâi î-bîn tī pún-tē khui-khún. Kî-tiong Empresario Moses kap Stephen F. Austin pē-á-kiáⁿ chhōa chi̍t tīn kiò "Lāu Saⁿ Pah" (Old Three Hundred) ê î-bîn tī Brazos Hô hū-kīn khiā-khí. Lēng-goā mā ū 23 ūi empresario tī chia. 1825 nî ê sî, Texas 3,500-ê î-bîn lāi tōa-hūn lóng sī Mexico-lâng, kàu 1834 nî, 37,800-ê î-bîn lāi lóng-chóng Mexico-lâng kaⁿ chiàm 7,800.
Î-bîn-chiá bô sìn-táu Mexico hoat-lu̍t, phì-jû tùi lô͘-lē chè-tō͘ ê kìm-lēng. Āu-lâi, Mexico chèng-hú tī 1830 nî kìm-chí Bí-kok î-bîn. 1832 nî Anahuac Jiáu-loān (Anahuac Disturbances) sī hit tong-sî lâng tùi Mexico thóng-tī ê hoán-khòng, mā kap Mexico chāi-tē hoán ka-tī chóng-thóng ê ūn-tōng liân-ha̍p, āu-bóe Mexico kun-tūi hong kóaⁿ chhut Texas tang-pō͘.
Texas-lâng tī 1832 kap 1833 nî nn̄g kái chi̍p-hōe, gián-kiù to̍k-li̍p chú-tiuⁿ. 1835 nî, Gonzales chi Chiàn (Battle of Gonzales) khai-sí liáu Texas Kek-bēng, in tī nn̄g kó goe̍h āu phah pāi Mexico kun-tūi. Lēng-gōa mā soán chhut Hia̍p-gī-hōe (Consultation) chò lîm-sî chèng-hú, m̄-koh chit-ê chèng-hú āu-lâi tó khì. Chāi Texas tng loān ê sî-ki, Mexico ap-chè liáu Texas ê hoán-khòng, kî-tiong Mexico chóng-thóng Antonio López de Santa Anna chhōa kun tī Alamo chi Chiàn (Battle of the Alamo) tiong phah pāi Texas kun.
1836 nî 3 goe̍h 2 hō ,Texas-lâng khui-hōe chhiam-sú To̍k-li̍p Soan-giân, kiàn-li̍p Texas Kiōng-hô-kok. Liáu-āu, keng-kòe kúi lé-pài ê thè-kun, Sam Houston niá-chhōa ê Texas kun-tūi tī San Jacinto chi Chiàn phah-iâⁿ Santa Anna ê jîn-bé, jī-chhiá lia̍h khí Santa Anna kiông-pek i chhiam Velasco TTiâu-iok lâi kiat-so̍k chiàn-cheng.
To̍k-li̍p ê Texas chèng-tī siōng hun chò tùi-li̍p ê nn̄g phài, chi̍t pêng sī Mirabeau B. Lamar chhōa-thâu, chú-tiuⁿ î-chhî to̍k-li̍p, kóaⁿ cháu goân-chū-bîn, jī-chhiá tùi gōa khok-chhiong léng-thó͘. Lēng-gōa chi̍t pêng sī Sam Houston chhoā-thâu, chú-tiuⁿ ka-ji̍p Bí-kok, jī-chhiá kap goân-chū-bîn chò-hóe seng-oa̍h.
Mexico tī 1842 nî hiòng Texas nn̄g piàn hoat-peng koh sêng-kong chiàm-niá San Antonio, m̄-koh bô î-chhî chiàn-kó. Chóng--sī Texas kiông-hô-kok hông-gū siōng chia̍h-la̍t ê chōng-hóng, ka-kiông in ka-ji̍p Bí-kok ê su-kiû.
1844 nî, chú-tiuⁿ khip-siu Texas ê James K. Polk tòng sóaⁿ Bí-kok chóng-thóng, 1845 nî 12 goe̍h 29, kok-hōe tông-ì siat Texas chò Bí-kok chi̍t chiu. Tông-sî, Mexico kap Bí-kok chhiat tn̄g gōa-kau koan-hē, nn̄g kok tùi Texas ê pian-kài chú-tiuⁿ chhiong-tu̍t.
1860 nî, Bí-kok Lōe-chiàn khai-sí, hit-tong-sî chiu lāi 30 pha ê jîn-kháu sī o͘-lâng, in tōa-hūn lóng sī lô͘-lē. 1861 nî 1 goe̍h 28, tī Austin ê hōe-gī, lâm-hong koat-tēng thoat-lî Bí-kok. 2 goe̍h 23 Texas ka-tī mā tâu-phiò thong-kòe chit hāng koat-tēng, 3 goe̍h sî ka-ji̍p America Liân-bêng Kok.
1900 nî, Texas ū tio̍h Bí-kok le̍k-sú siōng sí-bông siāng giâm-tiōng ê hong-thai Galveston. 1901 nî 1 goe̍h 10 ji̍t, chiu lāi thâu chi̍t ê iû-chhéⁿ Spindletop khai-siat, liáu-āu, sī Texas chio̍h-iû sán-gia̍p ê heng-khí; in-ê khai-chhái liōng āu-bóe tī 1972 nî tat kàu le̍k-sú ko-tiám.
Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn sî-kî, liân-pang chèng-hú tī Texas tōa-liōng khai-siat kun-su siat-si, lēng-gōa pún chiu ū 75 bān lâng ka-ki̍p kun-tūi. 1961 nî, NASA koh tī kun-sū sán-gia̍p hoat-ta̍t ê Huston khí-chō chài-lâng thài-khong tiong-sim (1973 nî hō-miâ Lyndon B. Johnson Thài-khong Tiong-sim).
1963 nî 11 goe̍h 22 ji̍t, Bí-kok chóng-thóng John F. Kennedy tī Dallas hong àm-sat.
Keng-chè
Texas tī 2014 nî ê GDP sī 1,648,036 pa̍h-bān bí-kim.[1]
Pún chiu ê chio̍h-iû sán-liōng tī 2015 nî 6 goe̍h ū 106,843 chheng-tháng (thousand barrels), tī Bí-kok kok-chiu lāi pâi-miâ tē-1.[2]
Chham-khó
- ↑ Total Gross Domestic Product by State for Texas, FRED.
- ↑ Rankings: Crude Oil Production, June 2015 (thousand barrels), U.S. Energy Information Administration.
